Andrew J. Toole
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View article: Long‐term test and retest reliability of clinical vergence testing
Long‐term test and retest reliability of clinical vergence testing Open
Purpose To establish long‐term reliability measures for vergence testing in a control population of adolescents. Methods Healthy participants between 12 and 17.5 years with normal binocular vision were recruited from 10 clinical sites. Cov…
View article: Ball-Flight Viewing Duration and Estimates of Passing Height in Baseball
Ball-Flight Viewing Duration and Estimates of Passing Height in Baseball Open
Predictions of the vertical location of a pitched ball (termed the passing height) when the ball arrives at an observer may be based on internal models of ball trajectory and situational cues, kinematic cues from the pitcher’s motion, and …
View article: Effects of vision therapy on near exodeviation in children with convergence insufficiency treated during the convergence insufficiency treatment trials
Effects of vision therapy on near exodeviation in children with convergence insufficiency treated during the convergence insufficiency treatment trials Open
Purpose To report the change in the magnitude of near exodeviation in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency successfully treated with office‐based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Tria…
View article: Neural consequences of symptomatic convergence insufficiency: A small sample study
Neural consequences of symptomatic convergence insufficiency: A small sample study Open
Introduction Convergence insufficiency (CI) is an oculomotor abnormality characterised by exophoria and inadequate convergence when focusing on nearby objects. CI has been shown to cause symptoms when reading. However, the downstream conse…
View article: Detection of significant vision conditions in children using <scp>QuickSee</scp> wavefront autorefractor
Detection of significant vision conditions in children using <span>QuickSee</span> wavefront autorefractor Open
Purpose This study evaluated the ability of QuickSee to detect children at risk for significant vision conditions (significant refractive error [RE], amblyopia and strabismus). Methods Non‐cycloplegic refraction (using QuickSee without and…
View article: Impact of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative/vergence therapy on ciliary muscle thickness in the eye
Impact of accommodative insufficiency and accommodative/vergence therapy on ciliary muscle thickness in the eye Open
Purpose Recent evidence suggests that the ciliary muscle apical fibres are most responsive to accommodative load; however, the structure of the ciliary muscle in individuals with accommodative insufficiency is unknown. This study examined …
View article: Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation for different vergence eye movement subtypes
Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation for different vergence eye movement subtypes Open
Introduction Maddox suggested that there were four convergence subtypes, each driven by a different stimulus. The purpose of this study was to assess the neural correlates for accommodative convergence, proximal convergence (convergence st…
View article: Does coexisting accommodative dysfunction impact clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children?
Does coexisting accommodative dysfunction impact clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children? Open
Purpose To determine whether coexisting accommodative dysfunction in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) impacts presenting clinical convergence measures, symptoms and treatment success for CI. Methods Secondary data a…
View article: Review: Head and Eye Movements and Gaze Tracking in Baseball Batting
Review: Head and Eye Movements and Gaze Tracking in Baseball Batting Open
SIGNIFICANCE After a 30-year gap, several studies on head and eye movements and gaze tracking in baseball batting have been performed in the last decade. These baseball studies may lead to training protocols for batting. Here we review the…
View article: Screening for convergence insufficiency in school‐age children
Screening for convergence insufficiency in school‐age children Open
NPC break performed best in identifying children with CI.
View article: Visual Function of Moderately Hyperopic 4- and 5-Year-Old Children in the Vision in Preschoolers – Hyperopia in Preschoolers Study
Visual Function of Moderately Hyperopic 4- and 5-Year-Old Children in the Vision in Preschoolers – Hyperopia in Preschoolers Study Open
View article: A review of proximal inputs to the near response
A review of proximal inputs to the near response Open
Maddox proposed that the perceived nearness of a target could influence the ocular vergence response. Proximal inputs have been used to refer to all static and dynamic cues to depth other than disparity and blur. In this paper, we review a…