Explanipedia

Hydrogen-Rich to Stripped-Envelope:Observational Continuity and Biases in CCSNe Open

Anjasha Gangopadhyay, P. J. Pessi · 2025

Although historically classified into discrete subclasses, there is growing evidence that indicates that core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) categories often overlap, reflecting continuous variations in progenitor structure, mass-loss history…

Characterization of type Ibn SNe Open

V. Ashley Villar, K. Auchettl, Kaylee M. de Soto, W. B. Hoogendam, Y. C. Pan , et al. · 2025

Type Ibn supernovae (SNe) are characterized by narrow helium (He I) lines from photons produced by the unshocked circumstellar material (CSM). About 80 SNe Ibn have been discovered to date, and only a handful have extensive observational r…

Probing Supernova Diversity Through High-Cadence Optical Observations Open

Kuntal Misra, Bhavya Ailawadhi, Raya Dastidar, Monalisa Dubey, Naveen Dukiya , et al. · 2025

Supernovae (SNe) are among the most energetic and transient events in the universe, offering crucial insights into stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis, and cosmic expansion. Optical observations have historically played a central role in th…

Surrogate models for light curves and photosphere properties of Type II supernovae Open

Nikhil Sarin, Takashi J. Moriya, Avinash Singh, Anjasha Gangopadhyay, K-Ryan Hinds , et al. · 2025

Inferences on the properties Type II supernovae (SNe) can provide significant insights into the lives and deaths of the astrophysical population of massive stars and potentially provide measurements of luminosity distance, independent of t…

SN 2023xgo: Helium-rich Type Icn or Carbon-Flash Type Ibn supernova? Open

Anjasha Gangopadhyay, J. Sollerman, K. Tsalapatas, Keiichi Maeda, Naveen Dukiya , et al. · 2025

We present observations of SN 2023xgo, a transitional Type Ibn/Icn SN, from −5.6 to 63 days relative to r-band peak. Early spectra show C iii λ5696 emission like Type Icn SNe, shifting to Type Ibn features. The He i velocities (1800-10000 …

SN 2023vbg: A Type IIn Supernova Resembling SN 2009ip, with a Long-duration Precursor and Early-time Bump Open

Susumu Goto, M. Yamanaka, Takahiro Nagayama, Keiichi Maeda, Miho Kawabata , et al. · 2025

Type IIn supernovae (SNe) resembling SN 2009ip (09ip-like SNe) originate from the interaction between circumstellar material (CSM) and the ejecta. This subclass not only shares similar observational properties around the maximum but is als…

The ambiguous AT2022rze: changing-look AGN mimicking a supernova in a merging galaxy system Open

P. J. Pessi, J. Sollerman, Lin Yan, A. Le Reste, Yuhan Yao , et al. · 2025

AT2022rze is a luminous, ambiguous transient located south-east of the geometric centre of its host galaxy at redshift $z = 0.08$. The host appears to be formed by a merging galaxy system. The observed characteristics of AT2022rze are remi…

SN 2023uqf: An Interacting Supernova Coincident with a High-Energy Neutrino Open

Anna Y. Q. Ho, Anjasha Gangopadhyay, M. M. Kasliwal, M. Kowalski, J. Sollerman , et al. · 2025

Astrophysical high-energy (TeV-PeV) neutrinos were first discovered in 2013, but their origin remains largely unknown. Here we present SN 2023uqf, a supernova found in coincidence with high-energy neutrino IC231004A, as part of a systemati…

Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. II: Lightcurve Analysis Open

Kaustav K. Das, M. M. Kasliwal, J. Sollerman, C. Fremling, Takashi J. Moriya , et al. · 2025

The Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey yielded a sample of 330 Type IIP supernovae (SNe) with well-constrained peak luminosities. In paper I (arXiv:2502.19493), we measured their luminosity function and volumetri…

Surrogate models for lightcurves and photosphere properties of Type II supernovae Open

Nikhil Sarin, Takashi J. Moriya, Avinash Singh, Anjasha Gangopadhyay, K-Ryan Hinds , et al. · 2025

Inferences on the properties Type II supernovae (SNe) can provide significant insights into the lives and deaths of the astrophysical population of massive stars and potentially provide measurements of luminosity distance, independent of t…

The BTSbot-nearby Discovery of SN 2024jlf: Rapid, Autonomous Follow-up Probes Interaction in an 18.5 Mpc Type IIP Supernova Open

Nabeel Rehemtulla, W. V. Jacobson-Galán, Avinash Singh, A. A. Miller, C. D. Kilpatrick , et al. · 2025

We present observations of the Type IIP supernova (SN) SN 2024jlf, including spectroscopy beginning just 0.7 days (∼17 hr) after first light. Rapid follow-up was enabled by the new BTSbot-nearby program, which involves autonomously trigger…

JWST and Ground-based Observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm: Evidence for Weak Deflagration Explosions Open

Lindsey A. Kwok, Mridweeka Singh, Saurabh W. Jha, S. Blondin, Raya Dastidar , et al. · 2025

We present panchromatic optical $+$ near-infrared (NIR) $+$ mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unpre…

Photometry and Spectroscopy of SN 2024pxl: A Luminosity Link Among Type Iax Supernovae Open

Mridweeka Singh, Lindsey A. Kwok, Saurabh W. Jha, Raya Dastidar, Conor Larison , et al. · 2025

We present extensive ultraviolet to optical photometric and optical to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby intermediate-luminosity ($M_V = -$16.81$\pm$0.19~mag) Type Iax supernova (SN) 2024pxl in NGC 6384…

Low-luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I. Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate Open

Kaustav K. Das, M. M. Kasliwal, C. Fremling, J. Sollerman, D. A. Perley , et al. · 2025

We present the luminosity function and volumetric rate of a sample of Type IIP supernovae (SNe) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey (CLU). This is the largest sample of Type IIP SNe from a systematic volu…

Precursor Activity Preceding Interacting Supernovae I: Bridging the Gap with SN 2022mop Open

S. Brennan, Stan Barmentloo, S. Schulze, K. W. Smith, Ryosuke Hirai , et al. · 2025

Over the past two decades, an increasing number of transients have shown luminous activity at their explosion sites weeks to years before an interacting supernova (SN) is observed. For some objects, this pre-SN activity is typically linked…

Low-Luminosity Type IIP Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe. I: Luminosity Function, Volumetric Rate Open

Kaustav K. Das, M. M. Kasliwal, J. Sollerman, D. A. Perley, Kishalay De , et al. · 2025

We present the luminosity function and volumetric rate of a sample of Type IIP supernovae (SNe) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Census of the Local Universe survey (CLU). This is the largest sample of Type IIP SNe from a systematic volu…

A study in scarlet Open

G. Valerin, A. Pastorello, E. Mason, A. Reguitti, S. Benetti , et al. · 2025

Aims. We investigate the spectroscopic characteristics of intermediate-luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. Our goal is to provide a ste…

A study in scarlet Open

G. Valerin, A. Pastorello, A. Reguitti, S. Benetti, Yongzhi Cai , et al. · 2025

Aims. We investigate the photometric characteristics of a sample of intermediate-luminosity red transients (ILRTs), a class of elusive objects with peak luminosity between that of classical novae and standard supernovae. Our goal is to pro…

SN 2021foa: the bridge between SN IIn and Ibn Open

Anjasha Gangopadhyay, Naveen Dukiya, Takashi J. Moriya, Masaomi Tanaka, Keiichi Maeda , et al. · 2025

We present the long-term photometric and spectroscopic analysis of a transitioning SN IIn/Ibn from –10.8 d to 150.7 d post V-band maximum. SN 2021foa shows prominent He i lines comparable in strength to the H $\alpha$ line around peak, pla…

The BTSbot-nearby discovery of SN 2024jlf: rapid, autonomous follow-up probes interaction in an 18.5 Mpc Type IIP supernova Open

Nabeel Rehemtulla, W. V. Jacobson-Galán, Avinash Singh, A. A. Miller, C. D. Kilpatrick , et al. · 2025

We present observations of the Type IIP supernova (SN) 2024jlf, including spectroscopy beginning just 0.7 days ($\sim$17 hours) after first light. Rapid follow-up was enabled by the new $\texttt{BTSbot-nearby}$ program, which involves auto…

CSS 161010: A Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transient with Broad Blueshifted Hydrogen Lines Open

C. P. Gutiérrez, S. Mattila, P. Lundqvist, Luc Dessart, S. González–Gaitán , et al. · 2024

We present ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of the luminous fast blue optical transient (LFBOT) CSS 161010:045834–081803 (CSS 161010). The transient was found in a low-redshift ( z …

Looking into the world of interacting supernovae Open

Anjasha Gangopadhyay · 2024

Interacting supernovae provide key insights into the mass-loss processes of massive stars and their circumstellar environments. By analyzing their photometric and spectroscopic properties, we can study the complex interactions between ejec…

Probing the Circumstellar Environment of the Highly Luminous Type IIn Supernova ASASSN-14il Open

Naveen Dukiya, Anjasha Gangopadhyay, Kuntal Misra, G. Hosseinzadeh, K. Azalee Bostroem , et al. · 2024

We present long-term photometric and spectroscopic studies of circumstellar material (CSM)–ejecta interacting supernova (SN) ASASSN-14il in the galaxy PGC 3093694. The SN reaches a peak r -band magnitude of ∼−20.3 ± 0.2 mag, rivaling SN 20…

Optical and Radio Analysis of Systematically Classified Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Open

Gokul P. Srinivasaragavan, S. Yang, Shreya Anand, J. Sollerman, Anna Y. Q. Ho , et al. · 2024

We study a magnitude-limited sample of 36 broad-lined type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL) from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey (detected between 2018 March and 2021 August), which is the largest systematic study of SNe Ic-…

Unravelling the Asphericities in the Explosion and Multifaceted Circumstellar Matter of SN 2023ixf Open

Avinash Singh, Rishabh Singh Teja, Takashi J. Moriya, Keiichi Maeda, Koji S. Kawabata , et al. · 2024

We present a detailed investigation of photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations of the Type II SN 2023ixf. Earlier studies have provided compelling evidence for a delayed shock breakout from a confined dense circumstellar …

Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae: I. The cases of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc Open

A. Gkini, C Fransson, R. Lunnan, S. Schulze, F. Poidevin , et al. · 2024

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc, two hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) at $z = 0.4296$ and $z = 0.3103$, respectively, which show an additional set of broad Mg II absorption…

SN 2021foa: the bridge between SN IIn and Ibn Open

Anjasha Gangopadhyay, Naveen Dukiya, Takashi J. Moriya, Masaomi Tanaka, Keiichi Maeda , et al. · 2024

We present the long-term photometric and spectroscopic analysis of a transitioning SN~IIn/Ibn from $-$10.8 d to 150.7 d post $V$-band maximum. SN~2021foa shows prominent He {\sc i} lines comparable in strength to the H$α$ line around peak,…

A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion Open

Avishay Gal-Yam, Luc Dessart, A. A. Miller, Stan E Woosley, Yi Yang , et al. · 2024

The cores of stars are the cosmic furnaces where light elements are fused into heavier nuclei. The fusion of hydrogen to helium initially powers all stars. The ashes of the fusion reactions are then predicted to serve as fuel in a series o…

Sample of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility Open

P. J. Pessi, R. Lunnan, J. Sollerman, S. Schulze, A. Gkini , et al. · 2024

Hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae (SLSNe II) are rare. The exact mechanism producing their extreme light curve peaks is not understood. Analysis of single events and small samples suggest that CSM interaction is the main responsible f…

Extended Shock Breakout and Early Circumstellar Interaction in SN 2024ggi Open

Manisha Shrestha, K. Azalee Bostroem, David J. Sand, G. Hosseinzadeh, Jennifer E. Andrews , et al. · 2024

We present high-cadence photometric and spectroscopic observations of supernova (SN) 2024ggi, a Type II SN with flash spectroscopy features, which exploded in the nearby galaxy NGC 3621 at ∼7 Mpc. The light-curve evolution over the first 3…

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