Explanipedia

CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT IN CHAIN SCHEDULES WHEN TIME TO REINFORCEMENT IS HELD CONSTANT Open

Matthew C. Bell, Ben A. Williams · 2013

Two alternative approaches describe determinants of responding to a stimulus temporally distant from primary reinforcement. One emphasizes the temporal relation of each stimulus to the primary reinforcer, with relative proximity of the sti…

Serial discrimination reversal learning in pigeons as a function of signal properties during the delay of reinforcement Open

Bertram O. Ploog, Ben A. Williams · 2013

DUAL EFFECTS ON CHOICE OF CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT FREQUENCY AND CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT VALUE Open

Margaret A. McDevitt, Ben A. Williams · 2010

Pigeons were presented with a concurrent‐chains schedule in which the total time to primary reinforcement was equated for the two alternatives (VI 30 s VI 60 s vs. VI 60 s VI 30 s). In one set of conditions, the terminal links were signale…

AROUSAL, CHANGEOVER RESPONSES, AND PREFERENCE IN CONCURRENT SCHEDULES Open

Margaret A. McDevitt, Ben A. Williams · 2003

Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules that provided concurrent reinforcement in each of two components. In Experiment 1, one component consisted of a variable‐interval (VI) 40‐s schedule presented with a VI 20‐s schedule, and the othe…

Preference and resistance to change in concurrent variable-interval schedules Open

Matthew C. Bell, Ben A. Williams · 2002

Behavioral contrast redux Open

Ben A. Williams · 2002

Competing sources of stimulus value in anticipatory contrast Open

Ben A. Williams, Margaret A. McDevitt · 2001

EFFECTS OF SIGNALED VERSUS UNSIGNALED DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT ON CHOICE Open

Margaret A. McDevitt, Ben A. Williams · 2001

Pigeons chose between 5‐s and 15‐s delay‐of‐reinforcement alternatives. The first key peck to satisfy the choice schedule began a delay timer, and food was delivered at the end of the interval. Key pecks during the delay interval were meas…

VALUE TRANSMISSION IN DISCRIMINATION LEARNING INVOLVING STIMULUS CHAINS Open

Ben A. Williams · 1999

Rats learned a series of reversals of a positional discrimination in which responses to one lever led to delayed food and responses to a second lever led to no food. Interpolated within the delays leading to the different outcomes were two…

PREFERENCE AFTER TRAINING WITH DIFFERENTIAL CHANGEOVER DELAYS Open

Ben A. Williams, Matthew C. Bell · 1999

Pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule in which each component consisted of concurrent variable‐interval (VI) 30‐s VI 60‐s schedules. The two components of the multiple schedule differed only in terms of the changeover delays (COD): F…

<i>VARIETIES OF CONTRAST: A REVIEW OF</i> INCENTIVE RELATIVITY <i>BY CHARLES F. FLAHERTY</i> Open

Ben A. Williams · 1997

The phenomenon of contrast has been studied from two quite separate perspectives, one derived from the classic studies of incentive contrast such as Crespi (1942) and the other from the study of behavioral contrast within behavior analysis…

Evaluation of transboundary environmental issues in Central Europe Open

D. Engi, Lawrence A. Kapustka, Ben A. Williams, Richard A. Meganck, J.G. Garrison , et al. · 1997

Central Europe has experienced environmental degradation for hundreds of years. The proximity of countries, their shared resources, and transboundary movement of environmental pollution, create the potential for regional environmental stri…

WHAT IS LEARNED? REVISITING AN OLD ISSUE Open

Ben A. Williams · 1997

CHANGEOVER BEHAVIOR AND PREFERENCE IN CONCURRENT SCHEDULES Open

Ben A. Williams, Matthew C. Bell · 1996

Pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule of reinforcement in which separate concurrent schedules occurred in each of two components. Key pecking was reinforced with milo. During one component, a variable‐interval 40‐s schedule was concu…

Stimulus devaluation and extinction of chain schedule performance Open

Ben A. Williams, Bertram O. Ploog, Matthew C. Bell · 1995

Blocking despite changes in reinforcer identity Open

Ben A. Williams · 1994

Conditioned Reinforcement: Experimental and Theoretical Issues Open

Ben A. Williams · 1994

CONTEXT SPECIFICITY OF CONDITIONED‐REINFORCEMENT EFFECTS ON DISCRIMINATION ACQUISITION Open

Ben A. Williams, Roger Dunn · 1994

Pigeons were trained on a series of reversals of a simultaneous form discrimination in which the trial outcomes were separated from the choice responses by an 8‐s delay interval. Different conditions were defined by the stimuli occurring d…

Contingency theory and the effect of the duration of signals for noncontingent reinforcement Open

Ben A. Williams · 1994

SHORTCOMINGS OF THE BEHAVIORAL COMPETITION THEORY OF CONTRAST: REANALYSIS OF MCLEAN (1992) Open

Ben A. Williams, John T. Wixted · 1994

McLean (1992) presented significant data showing that the occurrence of behavioral contrast in a multiple schedule was correlated with shifts in the frequency of reinforcers from a second source between components of the schedule, and inte…

MOLAR VERSUS LOCAL REINFORCEMENT PROBABILITY AS DETERMINANTS OF STIMULUS VALUE Open

Ben A. Williams · 1993

During one component of a multiple schedule, pigeons were trained on a discrete‐trial concurrent variable‐interval variable‐interval schedule in which one alternative had a high scheduled rate of reinforcement and the other a low scheduled…

INVERSE RELATIONS BETWEEN PREFERENCE AND CONTRAST Open

Ben A. Williams · 1992

Pigeons were trained on a multiple schedule in which two target components with identical reinforcement schedules were followed by either the same‐valued schedule or by extinction. Response rate increased in both target components but was …

COMPETITION BETWEEN STIMULUS‐REINFORCER CONTINGENCIES AND ANTICIPATORY CONTRAST Open

Ben A. Williams · 1992

Procedures used to study anticipatory contrast are conceptually similar to those used to study autoshaping, in that two target stimuli signal either higher or lower rates of reinforcement in the following components of the schedule. Despit…

Behavioral contrast and reinforcement value Open

Ben A. Williams · 1991

CHOICE AS A FUNCTION OF LOCAL VERSUS MOLAR REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES Open

Ben A. Williams · 1991

Rats were trained on a discrete‐trial probability learning task. In Experiment 1, the molar reinforcement probabilities for the two response alternatives were equal, and the local contingencies of reinforcement differentially reinforced a …

Marking and bridging versus conditioned reinforcement Open

Ben A. Williams · 1991

SUBSTITUTABILITY BETWEEN CONDITIONED AND PRIMARY REINFORCERS IN DISCRIMINATION ACQUISITION Open

Ben A. Williams, Roger Dunn · 1991

Rats and pigeons were trained on a series of reversals of a conditional simultaneous discrimination. The percentage of reinforcement for correct trials was varied across reversals. When nonreinforced correct trials produced the same feedba…

PREFERENCE FOR CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT Open

Ben A. Williams, Roger Dunn · 1991

Pigeons were presented with a concurrent‐chains schedule in which both choice alternatives led to the same terminal‐link stimulus, which was followed by food. Superimposed on the food‐reinforced presentations of the terminal‐link stimulus …

Pavlovian contingencies and anticipatory contrast Open

Ben A. Williams · 1990

Partial reinforcement effects on discrimination learning Open

Ben A. Williams · 1989

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