Ben Grafton
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View article: Trait anxiety-linked bias in expectancy updating: Examining the contributions of negative interrogation bias and negatively biased expectancy updating to elevated negative state affect when approaching potential stressors
Trait anxiety-linked bias in expectancy updating: Examining the contributions of negative interrogation bias and negatively biased expectancy updating to elevated negative state affect when approaching potential stressors Open
The present study examined whether people with high trait anxiety volitionally access proportionately more negative (than positive) information when interrogating available information concerning an approaching potential stressor during a …
View article: Emotional Experience in the Face of Stress: The Contribution of Attentional Bias to Negative Expectancy and Anxiety
Emotional Experience in the Face of Stress: The Contribution of Attentional Bias to Negative Expectancy and Anxiety Open
People vary in their levels of anxiety vulnerability, and this could result from individual differences in underlying cognitive bias. Previous research has established that attentional bias to negative information about an upcoming stresso…
View article: Reading the Negative: Negative Bias in Interrogation of Information Predicts Prenatal Repetitive Negative Thinking
Reading the Negative: Negative Bias in Interrogation of Information Predicts Prenatal Repetitive Negative Thinking Open
Background Women are at heightened risk of emotional dysfunction during the perinatal period, and elevated Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) during pregnancy represents a risk factor for clinical anxiety and depression. Recent research su…
View article: Attentional and Expectancy Bias in Anxiety Vulnerability: Independent or Interdependent Pathways?
Attentional and Expectancy Bias in Anxiety Vulnerability: Independent or Interdependent Pathways? Open
There is considerable evidence that an inflated tendency to have negative rather than benign expectancies concerning upcoming situations contributes to heightened anxiety vulnerability. To date, the cognitive mechanisms that underpin this …
View article: Individual Differences in Resilience to Alcohol Advertising: Two Processing Biases During Advert Viewing Predict Inter-individual Variation in Post-viewing Craving and Consumption
Individual Differences in Resilience to Alcohol Advertising: Two Processing Biases During Advert Viewing Predict Inter-individual Variation in Post-viewing Craving and Consumption Open
Objective: Despite potentially harmful consequences, people routinely encounter alcohol adverts designed to increase consumption of alcohol in preference to safer alternatives. However, individuals differ in the degree to which such advert…
View article: Attentional bias towards alcohol advertising causes increased consumption of alcohol through its impact on craving
Attentional bias towards alcohol advertising causes increased consumption of alcohol through its impact on craving Open
Background and AimsAlcohol advertising can induce craving and increase consumption of alcohol, though individuals vary in their susceptibility. Recent findings suggest that attentional bias toward alcohol adverts predicts subsequent alcoho…
View article: The Contribution of Negative Expectancies to Emotional Resilience
The Contribution of Negative Expectancies to Emotional Resilience Open
Anxiety reactivity, i.e., the degree to which state anxiety becomes elevated, has been used as a measure of emotional resilience in anticipation of potentially stressful events and has been found to correlate with elevations in event-relat…
View article: The Talking Heads Attentional Bias Assessment Task: A Readily Available, Reliable, and Effective Task for Assessing Attentional Bias
The Talking Heads Attentional Bias Assessment Task: A Readily Available, Reliable, and Effective Task for Assessing Attentional Bias Open
Cognitive theories contend that attentional bias to negative information contributes to elevated trait anxiety. However, research in this area has been hindered by the lack of a standardized assessment task that demonstrates the required q…
View article: Repetitive Negative Thinking during Pregnancy: The Role of Biased Information Seeking and Negative Prenatal Expectations
Repetitive Negative Thinking during Pregnancy: The Role of Biased Information Seeking and Negative Prenatal Expectations Open
Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) during pregnancy is a key risk factor for psychopathology in the perinatal period. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying prenatal RNT remain poorly understood. Recent research has suggested that a …
View article: The Contributions of Attentional Bias and Expectancy Bias to Fluctuations in State Anxiety
The Contributions of Attentional Bias and Expectancy Bias to Fluctuations in State Anxiety Open
Background Individuals differ in the degree to which they experience elevations in state anxiety in response to anticipated potentially stressful events, which may be explained by variance in the way information relevant to those stressors…
View article: The Impact of Intravenous Ketamine on Attentional Bias: Probing Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Effects in Two Clinical Studies
The Impact of Intravenous Ketamine on Attentional Bias: Probing Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Effects in Two Clinical Studies Open
Results provide evidence for the validity of a novel, psychometrically robust measure of AB among individuals with depression. Findings indicate that ketamine reliably and rapidly reduces AB, offering insight into a replicable, potential c…
View article: The role of expectancies and selective interrogation of information in trait anxiety-linked affect when approaching potentially stressful future events
The role of expectancies and selective interrogation of information in trait anxiety-linked affect when approaching potentially stressful future events Open
The present study examined cognitive mechanisms underpinning the increased tendency of individuals with high trait anxiety to experience inflation of negative affect when approaching potential stressors. Specifically, the roles of (1) disp…
View article: Towards implementation of cognitive bias modification in mental health care: State of the science, best practices, and ways forward
Towards implementation of cognitive bias modification in mental health care: State of the science, best practices, and ways forward Open
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) has evolved from an experimental method testing cognitive mechanisms of psychopathology to a promising tool for accessible digital mental health care. While we are still discovering the conditions under wh…
View article: Postprint_Towards implementation of cognitive bias modification in mental health care: State of the science, best practices, and ways forward
Postprint_Towards implementation of cognitive bias modification in mental health care: State of the science, best practices, and ways forward Open
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) has evolved from an experimental method testing cognitive mechanisms of psychopathology to a promising tool for accessible digital mental health care. While we are still discovering the conditions under wh…
View article: The role of expectancies and selective interrogation of information in trait anxiety-linked affect when approaching potentially stressful future events
The role of expectancies and selective interrogation of information in trait anxiety-linked affect when approaching potentially stressful future events Open
The present study examined cognitive mechanisms underpinning high trait anxious individuals’ increased tendency to experience inflation of negative affect when approaching potential stressors. Specifically, the roles of (1) disproportionat…
View article: From Information to Worry: How Selective Interrogation of Information Shapes Expectancies in the Prenatal Period
From Information to Worry: How Selective Interrogation of Information Shapes Expectancies in the Prenatal Period Open
The current study explored the association between elevated prenatal worry and negative expectancies about parenthood and the potential cognitive mechanisms driving such expectancies. Two main hypotheses were examined: First, that negative…
View article: The impact of self-referential processing on depression-linked negative interpretive bias
The impact of self-referential processing on depression-linked negative interpretive bias Open
The results support the hypothesis that people with high levels of depression display greater negative interpretive bias than people with low levels of depression, but only when ambiguous information is processed in a self-referential mann…
View article: The Contribution of Attentional Bias to Negative Information to Social Anxiety-Linked Heightened State Anxiety During a Social Event
The Contribution of Attentional Bias to Negative Information to Social Anxiety-Linked Heightened State Anxiety During a Social Event Open
Background It has been proposed that people with high compared to low trait social anxiety pay greater attention to negative information concerning upcoming social events, and that such attentional bias drives the disproportionately elevat…
View article: Cognitive bias modification training of attention and interpretation to reduce expectations of social rejection in adolescents with eating disorders: A small efficacy randomized controlled trial
Cognitive bias modification training of attention and interpretation to reduce expectations of social rejection in adolescents with eating disorders: A small efficacy randomized controlled trial Open
Objective This study aimed to investigate whether a computerized cognitive bias modification training delivered remotely would reduce expectations of rejection in adolescents with eating disorders. Method Sixty‐seven adolescents aged 12–18…
View article: When Alcohol Adverts Catch the Eye: A Psychometrically Reliable Dual-Probe Measure of Attentional Bias
When Alcohol Adverts Catch the Eye: A Psychometrically Reliable Dual-Probe Measure of Attentional Bias Open
Existing tasks assessing substance-related attentional biases are characterized by low internal consistency and test–retest reliability. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a novel dual-probe task to measure alcohol-r…
View article: Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: relationship with optimism and negative mood
Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: relationship with optimism and negative mood Open
View article: Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: relationship with optimism and negative mood
Emotional mental imagery generation during spontaneous future thinking: relationship with optimism and negative mood Open
Optimism is known to buffer against negative mood. Thus, understanding the factors that contribute to individual variation in optimism may inform interventions for mood disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that the generation of mental…
View article: A serial mediation model of attentional engagement with thin bodies on body dissatisfaction: The role of appearance comparisons and rumination
A serial mediation model of attentional engagement with thin bodies on body dissatisfaction: The role of appearance comparisons and rumination Open
The present study examined the associations among biased attentional responding to thin-ideal bodies, appearance comparisons, eating disorder-specific rumination, and body dissatisfaction. Sixty-seven females completed an attentional task …
View article: Anxiety & inhibition: dissociating the involvement of state and trait anxiety in inhibitory control deficits observed on the anti-saccade task
Anxiety & inhibition: dissociating the involvement of state and trait anxiety in inhibitory control deficits observed on the anti-saccade task Open
The existence of a relationship between heightened anxiety and impaired inhibitory control is well established. However, it remains unknown whether such reduced inhibitory control is a stable characteristic of elevated trait anxiety, is dr…
View article: GIVE me your attention: Differentiating goal identification and goal execution components of the anti-saccade effect
GIVE me your attention: Differentiating goal identification and goal execution components of the anti-saccade effect Open
The anti-saccade task is a commonly used method of assessing individual differences in cognitive control. It has been shown that a number of clinical disorders are characterised by increased anti-saccade cost. However, it remains unknown w…
View article: Biased interpretation in perfectionistic concerns: an experimental investigation
Biased interpretation in perfectionistic concerns: an experimental investigation Open
The findings provide support for the cognitive-behavioral model of perfectionism. These findings support the inclusion of strategies in cognitive-behavioral treatment of perfectionism to reduce interpretation bias.
View article: Anxiety-Linked Attentional Bias: Is It Reliable?
Anxiety-Linked Attentional Bias: Is It Reliable? Open
There is substantial evidence that heightened anxiety vulnerability is characterized by increased selective attention to threatening information. The reliability of this anxiety-linked attentional bias has become the focus of considerable …
View article: Group rumination-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) <i>v.</i> group CBT for depression: phase II trial
Group rumination-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) <i>v.</i> group CBT for depression: phase II trial Open
Background Although cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression, less than half of patients achieve satisfactory symptom reduction during treatment. Targeting known psychopathological processes such as rumi…
View article: Context Matters: The Role of State Anxiety on the Effects of Dot-Probe-Training in Students with Moderate Levels of Social Anxiety
Context Matters: The Role of State Anxiety on the Effects of Dot-Probe-Training in Students with Moderate Levels of Social Anxiety Open
Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) paradigms aim to reduce attentional biases for threatening stimuli and thereby reduce anxiety. However, previous studies that investigated the effectiveness of ABM targeting anxiety have observed mixed r…
View article: Emotion-in-Motion, a Novel Approach for the Modification of Attentional Bias: An Experimental Proof-of-Concept Study
Emotion-in-Motion, a Novel Approach for the Modification of Attentional Bias: An Experimental Proof-of-Concept Study Open
Our novel, gamified Emotion-in-Motion ABM task appears more effective in modifying patterns of attentional bias and anxiety vulnerability. Candidate mechanisms contributing to these findings are discussed, including the increased stimulus …