A core task of central banks is to provide liquidity to banks, with the goal of facilitating monetary policy implementation, ensuring the smooth functioning of the payment system, and promoting financial stability. While central banks around the world pursue these goals, the design of liquidity facilities differs across countries. This note provides an overview of liquidity facilities around the world that resemble the Federal Reserve’s discount window as well as intraday credit, comparing and contrasting setups i…

Limestone (calcite, CaCO₃) is an abundant and cost-effective source of calcium oxide (CaO) for cement and lime production. However, the thermochemical decomposition of limestone (∼800 °C, 1 bar) to produce lime (CaO) results in substantial carbon dioxide (CO_2(g)) emissions and energy use, i.e., ∼1 tonne [t] of CO₂ and ∼1.4 MWh per t of CaO produced. Here, we describe a new pathway to use CaCO₃ as a Ca source to make hydrated lime (portlandite, Ca(OH)₂) at ambi…

We investigate the credibility of central bank research by searching for traces of researcher bias, which is a tendency to use undisclosed analytical procedures that raise measured levels of statistical significance (stars) in artificial ways.To conduct our search, we compile a new dataset and borrow 2 bias-detection methods from the literature: the p-curve and z-curve.The results are mixed.The p-curve shows no traces of researcher bias but has a high propensity to produce false negatives.The z-curve shows some tr…

We investigate the credibility of central bank research by searching for traces of researcher bias, which is a tendency to use undisclosed analytical procedures that raise measured levels of statistical significance (stars) in artificial ways. To conduct our search, we compile a new dataset and borrow 2 bias-detection methods from the literature: the p-curve and z-curve. The results are mixed. The p-curve shows no traces of researcher bias but has a high propensity to produce false negatives. The z-curve shows som…

We look for empirical evidence using both time-series and cross-sectional data.We begin by noting that academic collaboration, as measured by coauthorship, has risen markedly in recent decades (e.g., Wuchty, Jones, and Uzzi 2007).This increase has coincided with an increase in female representation.As shown in Figure 1, the mean number of authors per article published in peer-reviewed academic journals increased from around 2.5 in 1975 to 5.5 in 2014, and the female share of new PhD recipients increased from rough…