Benjamin Woolley
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View article: Tetrazine- <i>trans</i> -cyclooctene ligated lanthanide conjugates for biomedical imaging
Tetrazine- <i>trans</i> -cyclooctene ligated lanthanide conjugates for biomedical imaging Open
Tetrazine-functionalised lanthanide chelates and their catalyst-free ‘click’ reactions with a trans -cyclooctene-rhodamine fluorophore are reported. These probes were delivered across the blood–brain barrier using focused ultrasound and mi…
View article: Development of new ion beams at the CERN ion injector complex for future physics programmes
Development of new ion beams at the CERN ion injector complex for future physics programmes Open
The heavy-ion physics programme at CERN relies on lead ion beams. In recent years, interest in conducting experiments with nuclei lighter than lead has grown significantly. Before new ion species can be considered operational for experimen…
View article: Experimental Observation of the Motion of Ions in a Resonantly Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator
Experimental Observation of the Motion of Ions in a Resonantly Driven Plasma Wakefield Accelerator Open
We show experimentally that an effect of motion of ions, observed in a plasma-based accelerator, depends inversely on the plasma ion mass. The effect appears within a single wakefield event and manifests itself as a bunch tail, occurring o…
View article: Lanthanide–tetrazine probes for bio-imaging and click chemistry
Lanthanide–tetrazine probes for bio-imaging and click chemistry Open
Lanthanide–tetrazine complexes were synthesised and evaluated via optical spectroscopy and relaxivity. A bio-orthogonal click reaction with a cyclic-RGD-peptide was successful and the resulting Gd complex demonstrated enhanced relaxivity.
View article: Measurement of the emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment
Measurement of the emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment Open
The vertical plane transverse emittance of accelerated electron bunches at the AWAKE experiment at CERN has been determined, using three different methods of data analysis. This is a proof-of-principle measurement using the existing AWAKE …
View article: Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma
Filamentation of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma Open
We show in experiments that a long, underdense, relativistic proton bunch propagating in plasma undergoes the oblique instability, which we observe as filamentation. We determine a threshold value for the ratio between the bunch transverse…
View article: Hosing of a Long Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma
Hosing of a Long Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma Open
Experimental results show that hosing of a long particle bunch in plasma can be induced by wakefields driven by a short, misaligned preceding bunch. Hosing develops in the plane of misalignment, self-modulation in the perpendicular plane, …
View article: Development of the self-modulation instability of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma
Development of the self-modulation instability of a relativistic proton bunch in plasma Open
Self-modulation is a beam–plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initia…
View article: High-Power Test of Two Prototype X-Band Accelerating Structures Based on SwissFEL Fabrication Technology
High-Power Test of Two Prototype X-Band Accelerating Structures Based on SwissFEL Fabrication Technology Open
This article presents the design, construction, and high-power test of two $X$-band radio frequency (RF) accelerating structures built as part of a collaboration between CERN and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) for the compact linear col…
View article: The AWAKE Run 2 Programme and Beyond
The AWAKE Run 2 Programme and Beyond Open
Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. The use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of…
View article: Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma
Controlled Growth of the Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma Open
A long, narrow, relativistic charged particle bunch propagating in plasma is subject to the self-modulation (SM) instability. We show that SM of a proton bunch can be seeded by the wakefields driven by a preceding electron bunch. SM timing…
View article: The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond
The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond Open
Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of ene…
View article: Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment
Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment Open
A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incomi…
View article: Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients
Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients Open
We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported in arXiv…
View article: Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma
Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma Open
We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude [≥(4.1±0.4) MV/m], t…
View article: Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment
Analysis of proton bunch parameters in the AWAKE experiment Open
A precise characterization of the incoming proton bunch parameters is required to accurately simulate the self-modulation process in the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). This paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the incomi…
View article: Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients
Simulation and experimental study of proton bunch self-modulation in plasma with linear density gradients Open
We present numerical simulations and experimental results of the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in a plasma with linear density gradients along the beam path. Simulation results agree with the experimental results reported [F. Brau…
View article: Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch
Experimental study of extended timescale dynamics of a plasma wakefield driven by a self-modulated proton bunch Open
Plasma wakefield dynamics over timescales up to 800 ps, approximately 100 plasma periods, are studied experimentally at the Advanced Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE). The development of the longitudinal wakefield amplitude driven by a self-mod…
View article: Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient
Proton Bunch Self-Modulation in Plasma with Density Gradient Open
We study experimentally the effect of linear plasma density gradients on the self-modulation of a 400 GeV proton bunch. Results show that a positive or negative gradient increases or decreases the number of microbunches and the relative ch…
View article: High-gradient behavior of a dipole-mode rf structure
High-gradient behavior of a dipole-mode rf structure Open
A normal-conducting, X-band traveling wave structure operating in the dipole mode has been systematically high-gradient tested to gain insight into the maximum possible gradients in these types of structure. Measured structure conditioning…
View article: Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements
Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements Open
In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, which a…
View article: High-gradient testing of an <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math>-band, normal-conducting low phase velocity accelerating structure
High-gradient testing of an -band, normal-conducting low phase velocity accelerating structure Open
A novel high-gradient accelerating structure with low phase velocity, v/c=0.38, has been designed, manufactured and high-power tested. The structure was designed and built using the methodology and technology developed for CLIC 100 MV/m hi…
View article: Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements
Proton beam defocusing in AWAKE: comparison of simulations and measurements Open
In 2017, AWAKE demonstrated the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN. The angular distribution of the protons deflected due to SSM is a quantitative measure of the process, w…
View article: arXiv : Evolution of a plasma column measured through modulation of a high-energy proton beam
arXiv : Evolution of a plasma column measured through modulation of a high-energy proton beam Open
Plasma wakefield acceleration is a method for accelerating particle beams using electromagnetic fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those found in conventional radio frequency cavities. The core component of a plasma wakefield …
View article: Correction to ‘Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE’
Correction to ‘Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE’ Open
In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first Run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research).The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 -2018) was to demons…
View article: Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE
Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration in AWAKE Open
In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013-2018) was to demons…
View article: Connection of 12 GHz High Power RF from the XBOX 1 High Gradient Test Stand to the CLEAR Electron LINAC
Connection of 12 GHz High Power RF from the XBOX 1 High Gradient Test Stand to the CLEAR Electron LINAC Open
A new RF system is being established at XBOX1 to drive two §I{100}{MV/m} CLIC structures in the CLEAR electron linac. In the past, these structures had been powered by RF from PET structures excited by a drive beam. This drive beam is no l…
View article: Construction and commissioning of the S-Band high gradient RF laboratory at IFIC
Construction and commissioning of the S-Band high gradient RF laboratory at IFIC Open
An S-Band High-Gradient (HG) Radio Frequency (RF) laboratory is under construction and commissioning at IFIC. The purpose of the laboratory is to perform investigations of high-gradient phenomena and to develop normal-conducting RF technol…
View article: High Power and High Repetition Rate X-band Power Source Using Multiple Klystrons
High Power and High Repetition Rate X-band Power Source Using Multiple Klystrons Open
In July 2016, the first X-band test facility operating with two interwoven, 6 MW klystron pulses was commissioned at CERN. Outputting up to 46 MW after pulse compression, the new test stand allows testing of two structures concurrently wit…