Bhavna Chohan
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View article: Genital herpes shedding episodes associate with altered spatial organization and activation of mucosal immune cells
Genital herpes shedding episodes associate with altered spatial organization and activation of mucosal immune cells Open
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) infection results in variable rates of local viral shedding in anogenital skin. The impact of episodic viral exposures on immune cells in adjacent mucosal tissues, including the genital tract, is unknown. How…
View article: Clinical, Psychosocial, and Structural Factors Associated with the Detection of HIV Drug Resistance in Children Living with HIV in Kisumu, Kenya: Secondary Analysis of Data from the Opt4Kids Study
Clinical, Psychosocial, and Structural Factors Associated with the Detection of HIV Drug Resistance in Children Living with HIV in Kisumu, Kenya: Secondary Analysis of Data from the Opt4Kids Study Open
Background: HIV drug resistance (DR) mutations can compromise antiretroviral therapy (ART) success among children living with HIV (CLHIV). We conducted a secondary analysis using data from a randomized control trial for ART monitoring amon…
View article: Adherence thresholds for emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis against HIV acquisition in cisgender women: A randomized directly observed dosing study
Adherence thresholds for emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate preexposure prophylaxis against HIV acquisition in cisgender women: A randomized directly observed dosing study Open
Background Oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectiveness against HIV acquisition highly depends on adherence. For men who have sex with men, a dosing study in the United States (US) p…
View article: HIV Resistance to Dolutegravir Varies With Coadministered Agents
HIV Resistance to Dolutegravir Varies With Coadministered Agents Open
We hypothesized that HIV-dolutegravir resistance is more frequent when coadministered with nucleos(t)ides with shorter intracellular half-lives. Multivariable analysis of 183 viremic (≥200 c/mL) participants from 4 cohorts (N = 660 partici…
View article: A cross‐sectional study evaluating the frequency of HIV drug resistance mutations among individuals diagnosed with HIV‐1 in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis rollout programmes in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Eswatini and South Africa
A cross‐sectional study evaluating the frequency of HIV drug resistance mutations among individuals diagnosed with HIV‐1 in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis rollout programmes in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Eswatini and South Africa Open
Introduction The ongoing rollout of oral tenofovir‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to reduce HIV‐1 incidence, but HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in individuals who acquire HIV‐1 on PrEP could threaten the treatment eff…
View article: Early structural cardiovascular disease, HIV, and tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE): cross-sectional study protocol for a multimodal cardiac imaging study in Nairobi, Kenya
Early structural cardiovascular disease, HIV, and tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE): cross-sectional study protocol for a multimodal cardiac imaging study in Nairobi, Kenya Open
Introduction Persons living with HIV (PLWH) have an augmented risk of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and myocardial dysfunction, despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy. Despite the majority of PL…
View article: Genital herpes shedding episodes associate with alterations in the spatial organization and activation of mucosal immune cells
Genital herpes shedding episodes associate with alterations in the spatial organization and activation of mucosal immune cells Open
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) infection results in variable rates of local viral shedding in anogenital skin. The impact of episodic viral exposures on immune cells in adjacent mucosal tissues, including the genital tract, is unknown. How…
View article: Longitudinal dynamics of the nasopharyngeal microbiome in response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and HIV infection in Kenyan women and their children
Longitudinal dynamics of the nasopharyngeal microbiome in response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and HIV infection in Kenyan women and their children Open
The nasopharynx and its microbiota are implicated in respiratory health and disease. The interplay between viral infection and the nasopharyngeal microbiome is an area of increased interest. The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome …
View article: Bacterial vaginosis associates with dysfunctional T cells and altered soluble immune factors in the cervicovaginal tract
Bacterial vaginosis associates with dysfunctional T cells and altered soluble immune factors in the cervicovaginal tract Open
BACKGROUNDBacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome that is prevalent among reproductive-age females worldwide. Adverse health outcomes associated with BV include an increased risk of sexually acquired HIV, yet the …
View article: Early Structural Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, and Tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE): Cross-sectional study protocol for a multimodal cardiac imaging study in Nairobi, Kenya
Early Structural Cardiovascular Disease, HIV, and Tuberculosis in East Africa (ASANTE): Cross-sectional study protocol for a multimodal cardiac imaging study in Nairobi, Kenya Open
Introduction Persons living with HIV (PLWH) have an augmented risk of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis and myocardial dysfunction, despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite the majority…
View article: Experience and challenges delivering hepatitis C virus treatment for people who inject drugs in Kenya
Experience and challenges delivering hepatitis C virus treatment for people who inject drugs in Kenya Open
Despite having a higher risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, people who inject drugs (PWID) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have limited access to HCV treatment. There is scarce literature on treatment delivery modalities that overcome …
View article: First Case of HIV Seroconversion With Integrase Resistance Mutations on Long-Acting Cabotegravir for Prevention in Routine Care
First Case of HIV Seroconversion With Integrase Resistance Mutations on Long-Acting Cabotegravir for Prevention in Routine Care Open
Background Long-acting cabotegravir (CAB-LA) is highly effective for HIV prevention, but delayed HIV diagnoses and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance were observed in trials. We report the first case in routine clinical…
View article: Gut virome and microbiome dynamics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in women living with HIV and their infants
Gut virome and microbiome dynamics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in women living with HIV and their infants Open
Microbiome perturbations can have long-term effects on health. The dynamics of the gut microbiome and virome in women living with HIV (WLHIV) and their newborn infants is poorly understood. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing analyse…
View article: Bacterial vaginosis-driven changes in cervicovaginal immunity that expand the immunological hypothesis for increased HIV susceptibility
Bacterial vaginosis-driven changes in cervicovaginal immunity that expand the immunological hypothesis for increased HIV susceptibility Open
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome that is prevalent among reproductive-age females worldwide. Adverse health outcomes associated with BV include an increased risk of sexually-acquired HIV, yet the immunologi…
View article: Real-world performance of point-of-care vs. standard-of-care HIV viral load testing in western Kenya: Secondary analysis of Opt4Kids and Opt4Mamas studies
Real-world performance of point-of-care vs. standard-of-care HIV viral load testing in western Kenya: Secondary analysis of Opt4Kids and Opt4Mamas studies Open
Routine HIV viral load testing is important for evaluating HIV treatment outcomes, but conventional viral load testing has many barriers including expensive laboratory equipment and lengthy results return times to patients. A point-of-care…
View article: Gut virome and microbiome dynamics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in women living with HIV and their infants
Gut virome and microbiome dynamics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in women living with HIV and their infants Open
Microbiome perturbations can have long-term effects on health. The dynamics of the gut microbiome and virome in women living with HIV (WLHIV) and their newborn infants is poorly understood. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing analyse…
View article: Longitudinal dynamics of the nasopharyngal microbiome in response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and HIV infection in Kenyan women and their infants
Longitudinal dynamics of the nasopharyngal microbiome in response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and HIV infection in Kenyan women and their infants Open
The nasopharynx and its microbiota are implicated in respiratory health and disease. The interplay between viral infection and the nasopharyngeal microbiome is an area of increased interest and of clinical relevance. The impact of SARS-CoV…
View article: Efficacy of assisted partner services for people who inject drugs in Kenya to identify partners living with HIV and hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective cohort study
Efficacy of assisted partner services for people who inject drugs in Kenya to identify partners living with HIV and hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective cohort study Open
View article: A phylogenetic assessment of HIV-1 transmission trends among people who inject drugs from Coastal and Nairobi, Kenya
A phylogenetic assessment of HIV-1 transmission trends among people who inject drugs from Coastal and Nairobi, Kenya Open
Although recent modeling suggests that needle–syringe programs (NSPs) have reduced parenteral HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Kenya, the prevalence in this population remains high (∼14–20%, compared to ∼4% in the l…
View article: Virologic Nonsuppression and HIV Drug Resistance Among People Who Inject Drugs and Their Sexual and Injecting Partners in Kenya
Virologic Nonsuppression and HIV Drug Resistance Among People Who Inject Drugs and Their Sexual and Injecting Partners in Kenya Open
We evaluated the prevalence and correlates of HIV viral nonsuppression and HIV drug resistance (HIV-DR) in a cohort of people who inject drugs living with HIV (PWID-LH) and their sexual and injecting partners living with HIV in Kenya. HIV-…
View article: HIV Drug Resistance Patterns and Characteristics Associated with Clinically Significant Drug Resistance among Children with Virologic Failure on Antiretroviral Treatment in Kenya: Findings from the Opt4Kids Randomized Controlled Trial
HIV Drug Resistance Patterns and Characteristics Associated with Clinically Significant Drug Resistance among Children with Virologic Failure on Antiretroviral Treatment in Kenya: Findings from the Opt4Kids Randomized Controlled Trial Open
Increasing HIV drug resistance (DR) among children with HIV (CHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is concerning. CHIV ages 1–14 years enrolled from March 2019 to December 2020 from five facilities in Kisumu County, Kenya, were included.…
View article: Longitudinal assessment of bacterial vaginosis prior to and during incident pregnancy: an observational study in Kenyan adolescent girls and young women
Longitudinal assessment of bacterial vaginosis prior to and during incident pregnancy: an observational study in Kenyan adolescent girls and young women Open
Objective To determine bacterial vaginosis (BV) status at multiple time points among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) and assess the impact of pregnancy on their BV status. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting Thika, Kenya. Par…
View article: HIV Drug Resistance Patterns and Characteristics Associated with Clinically Significant Drug Resistance among Children with Virologic Failure on Antiretroviral Treatment in Kenya: Findings from the Opt4Kids Randomized Controlled Trial
HIV Drug Resistance Patterns and Characteristics Associated with Clinically Significant Drug Resistance among Children with Virologic Failure on Antiretroviral Treatment in Kenya: Findings from the Opt4Kids Randomized Controlled Trial Open
Increasing HIV drug resistance (DR) among children with HIV (CHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) is concerning. CHIV ages 1-14 years enrolled March 2019 to December 2020 from five facilities in Kisumu County, Kenya were included. Child…
View article: Table of Contents
Table of Contents Open
View article: Low prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan adolescent girls and rapid incidence after first sex
Low prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Kenyan adolescent girls and rapid incidence after first sex Open
View article: Use of Hair Samples for Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence
Use of Hair Samples for Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Open
Introduction: Measurement of antiretrovirals (ARVs) drug concentration in biological matrices such as blood and urine has been used previously for monitoring adherence. Unfortunately, they only reflect ARV doses taken within 1 to 2 days of…
View article: Latent tuberculosis is associated with heightened levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines among Kenyan men and women living with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy
Latent tuberculosis is associated with heightened levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines among Kenyan men and women living with HIV on long-term antiretroviral therapy Open
Background: Persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have persistent immune activation associated with increased risk for non-AIDS related diseases. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), endemic in Africa, may contribute to t…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence, correlates, and access to harm reduction services among people who inject drugs living with and without HIV and their partners in Kenya
SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence, correlates, and access to harm reduction services among people who inject drugs living with and without HIV and their partners in Kenya Open
Background In sub-Saharan Africa many people who inject drugs (PWID) are living with undiagnosed or untreated HIV and experience high levels of poverty and conditions that can contribute to worse outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Identif…
View article: HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants
HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in postpartum Kenyan women and their infants Open
Background HIV may increase SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and COVID-19 severity generally, but data are limited about its impact on postpartum women and their infants. As such, we characterized SARS-CoV-2 infection among mother-infant pairs in…
View article: Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya Demonstrate Rapid STI Incidence Following First Sex: Data From a Longitudinal Cohort
Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kenya Demonstrate Rapid STI Incidence Following First Sex: Data From a Longitudinal Cohort Open