Brendan Flannery
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View article: Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016–2020
Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016–2020 Open
Seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses a compartmental framework to estimate the annual disease burden and burden prevented by vacc…
View article: Evaluating the Test-Negative Design for COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Using Randomized Trial Data
Evaluating the Test-Negative Design for COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Using Randomized Trial Data Open
Importance The test-negative design (TND) has been widely used to assess postmarketing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness but requires further evaluation for this application. Objective To determine whether the TND reliably evaluates vaccine e…
View article: Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Using Linked Public Health Information Systems, California, 2023–2024 Season
Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Using Linked Public Health Information Systems, California, 2023–2024 Season Open
Background Mandatory public health reporting of influenza laboratory results and vaccine doses administered in the state of California can provide estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Methods We analyzed linked influ…
View article: Estimating historical impacts of vaccination against influenza B/Yamagata in the United States to inform possible risks of re-emergence in the absence of vaccination
Estimating historical impacts of vaccination against influenza B/Yamagata in the United States to inform possible risks of re-emergence in the absence of vaccination Open
Influenza B/Yamagata viruses have not been detected globally since 2020 and were removed from U.S. 2024/25 seasonal influenza vaccines. We inferred impacts of vaccination against B/Yamagata from 2016/17–2019/20 by combining B/Yamagata prev…
View article: Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024–February 2025
Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024–February 2025 Open
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months in the United States. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated among patients with acute respiratory illness-associated outpatient visits and hos…
View article: P-712. Effectiveness of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines against Medically Attended Influenza B, US Flu VE Network
P-712. Effectiveness of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines against Medically Attended Influenza B, US Flu VE Network Open
Background Quadrivalent influenza vaccines including both B/Victoria and B/Yamagata components were introduced during the 2013-2014 season in the United States. With the worldwide interruption of influenza B/Yamagata virus circulation sinc…
View article: P-1270. Using Machine Learning and ICD-10 Codes to Identify Cases of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza, 2015-2020, US Flu VE Network
P-1270. Using Machine Learning and ICD-10 Codes to Identify Cases of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza, 2015-2020, US Flu VE Network Open
Background The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) has unique codes for influenza. Accurate classification of influenza is necessary to calculate unbiased vaccine effectiveness and typically requires laboratory testing. We us…
View article: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023–2024 Season
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023–2024 Season Open
Background The 2023–2024 US influenza season was characterized by a predominance of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation with cocirculation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the United States against m…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 Infection During a Period of XBB Lineage Predominance: Associations with Ancestral and BA.4/5 Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine among Outpatient Adults in the United States
SARS-CoV-2 Infection During a Period of XBB Lineage Predominance: Associations with Ancestral and BA.4/5 Bivalent COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine among Outpatient Adults in the United States Open
View article: Impact of HIV Infection and Malaria Parasitemia on Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Pregnant Women and Trans-Placental Antibody Transfer
Impact of HIV Infection and Malaria Parasitemia on Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in Pregnant Women and Trans-Placental Antibody Transfer Open
View article: Magnitude of Potential Biases in COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Studies due to Differential Healthcare seeking following Home Testing: Implications for Test Negative Design Studies
Magnitude of Potential Biases in COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Studies due to Differential Healthcare seeking following Home Testing: Implications for Test Negative Design Studies Open
The test-negative design (TND) is widely used to estimate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE). Biased estimates of VE may result from effects of at-home SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results on decisions to seek healthcare. To inv…
View article: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters for Children, Adolescents, and Adults During the 2023–2024 Season, United States
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters for Children, Adolescents, and Adults During the 2023–2024 Season, United States Open
Background The 2023–2024 influenza season had predominant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus activity, but A(H3N2) and B viruses cocirculated. Seasonal influenza vaccine strains were well-matched to these viruses. Methods Using healthcare encoun…
View article: Evaluation of test-negative design estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in the context of multiple, co-circulating, vaccine preventable respiratory viruses
Evaluation of test-negative design estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in the context of multiple, co-circulating, vaccine preventable respiratory viruses Open
View article: Estimating historical impacts of vaccination against influenza B/Yamagata in the United States to inform possible risks of re-emergence in the absence of vaccination
Estimating historical impacts of vaccination against influenza B/Yamagata in the United States to inform possible risks of re-emergence in the absence of vaccination Open
Influenza B/Yamagata viruses have not been detected globally since 2020 and will be removed from U.S. 2024/25 seasonal influenza vaccines. We inferred impacts of vaccination against B/Yamagata from 2016/17–2019/20 by combining B/Yamagata p…
View article: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended outpatient illness, United States, 2023–24 season
Influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended outpatient illness, United States, 2023–24 season Open
Background The 2023–24 U.S. influenza season was characterized by a predominance of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation with co-circulation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the United States against …
View article: Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016-2020
Estimating historical disease burden and the impact of vaccination by influenza type and subtype in the United States, 2016-2020 Open
Seasonal influenza causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses a compartmental framework to estimate the annual disease burden and burden prevented by vacc…
View article: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Illness and Asymptomatic Infection in 2022–2023: A Prospective Cohort Study
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Illness and Asymptomatic Infection in 2022–2023: A Prospective Cohort Study Open
Background Previous estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against asymptomatic influenza virus infection based on seroconversion have varied widely and may be biased. We estimated 2022–2023 influenza VE against illness and asymptomatic i…
View article: Elevated body mass index is not significantly associated with reduced influenza vaccine effectiveness
Elevated body mass index is not significantly associated with reduced influenza vaccine effectiveness Open
Elevated body mass index (BMI) has been linked to severe influenza illness and impaired vaccine immunogenicity, but the relationship between BMI and clinical vaccine effectiveness (VE) is less well described. This secondary analysis of dat…
View article: Respiratory Viral Infections From 2015 to 2022 in the HIVE Cohort of American Households: Incidence, Illness Characteristics, and Seasonality
Respiratory Viral Infections From 2015 to 2022 in the HIVE Cohort of American Households: Incidence, Illness Characteristics, and Seasonality Open
Background Viral respiratory illnesses are the most common acute illnesses experienced and generally follow a predicted pattern over time. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic interrupted that pattern. …
View article: Antibody response to sequential vaccination with cell culture, recombinant, or egg-based influenza vaccines among U.S. adults
Antibody response to sequential vaccination with cell culture, recombinant, or egg-based influenza vaccines among U.S. adults Open
The immune response to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) is influenced by multiple factors, including hemagglutinin content and egg-based manufacturing. Only two US-licensed vaccines are manufactured without egg passage: cell culture-ba…
View article: Antibody Response to Symptomatic Infection With SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron Variant Viruses, December 2021–June 2022
Antibody Response to Symptomatic Infection With SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron Variant Viruses, December 2021–June 2022 Open
We describe humoral immune responses in 105 ambulatory patients with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant infection. In dried blood spot (DBS) collected within 5 days of illness onset and during convalescence, we measured bindin…
View article: Late‐Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Illness, United States, December 2022–April 2023
Late‐Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Illness, United States, December 2022–April 2023 Open
Background The 2022–23 US influenza season peaked early in fall 2022. Methods Late‐season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against outpatient, laboratory‐confirmed influenza was calculated among participants of the US Influenza VE Netw…
View article: US Public Health Preparedness and Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses
US Public Health Preparedness and Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Viruses Open
US public health preparedness and response to highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses are assessed in this survey study conducted by the CDC.
View article: Post-recovery health domain scores among outpatients by SARS-CoV-2 testing status during the pre-Delta period
Post-recovery health domain scores among outpatients by SARS-CoV-2 testing status during the pre-Delta period Open
Background Symptoms of COVID-19 including fatigue and dyspnea, may persist for weeks to months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study compared self-reported disability among SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative persons with mild to moderate CO…
View article: Interim Estimates of 2023–24 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States
Interim Estimates of 2023–24 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States Open
In the United States, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. Using data from four vaccine effectiveness (VE) networks during the 2023-24 influenza season, interim influenza VE was estimated among patien…
View article: Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Associated With COVID-19 Protection in Outpatients Tested for SARS-CoV-2, US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, October 2021–June 2022
Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Associated With COVID-19 Protection in Outpatients Tested for SARS-CoV-2, US Flu Vaccine Effectiveness Network, October 2021–June 2022 Open
Background We assessed associations between binding antibody (bAb) concentration <5 days from symptom onset and testing positive for COVID-19 among patients in a test-negative study. Methods From October 2021 to June 2022, study sites i…
View article: Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines
Redirecting antibody responses from egg-adapted epitopes following repeat vaccination with recombinant or cell culture-based versus egg-based influenza vaccines Open
Repeat vaccination with egg-based influenza vaccines could preferentially boost antibodies targeting the egg-adapted epitopes and reduce immunogenicity to circulating viruses. In this randomized trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03722589), ser…
View article: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A–Associated Emergency Department, Urgent Care, and Hospitalization Encounters Among US Adults, 2022–2023
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A–Associated Emergency Department, Urgent Care, and Hospitalization Encounters Among US Adults, 2022–2023 Open
Background The 2022–2023 United States influenza season had unusually early influenza activity with high hospitalization rates. Vaccine-matched A(H3N2) viruses predominated, with lower levels of A(H1N1)pdm09 activity also observed. Methods…
View article: 1789. Comparison of influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates from the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network and Electronic Health Record Source Population Data, 2021-2022
1789. Comparison of influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates from the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network and Electronic Health Record Source Population Data, 2021-2022 Open
Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to increased respiratory viral testing for patients presenting with acute respiratory infection (ARI). Electronic health record (EHR) data from these visits can be used to assess influenza and COVID-19 …
View article: Work Attendance with Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018–2022
Work Attendance with Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018–2022 Open
Both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, or symptomatic infected persons. We assessed effects on work attendance while ill before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by analy…