Clay B. Holroyd
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View article: The Reward Positivity Signals a Goal Prediction Error
The Reward Positivity Signals a Goal Prediction Error Open
The Reward Positivity (RewP) is an electroencephalographic feature that emerges following performance feedback and is commonly understood to index both positive and negative reward prediction error (RPE) signals. Contrary to this dominant …
View article: Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex links abstract planning to motor execution
Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex links abstract planning to motor execution Open
Mental planning is essential for producing action sequences. Despite the contribution of planning to many everyday activities, the neurocognitive processes that map a selected plan into a concrete course of action are unclear. We asked whe…
View article: ACC representations of reward-driven motivation over hierarchically-organized behavior
ACC representations of reward-driven motivation over hierarchically-organized behavior Open
The neural mechanisms of reward-guided behavior have been researched extensively but how rewards affect the neural processes underlying the production of hierarchically-organized sequential behaviors remains unclear. In particular, anterio…
View article: The Reward Positivity: A Goal Prediction Error
The Reward Positivity: A Goal Prediction Error Open
The Reward Positivity (RewP) is an electroencephalographic feature that emerges following reward receipt and is sensitive to positive prediction errors and other experiences of hedonic value. Here we address two unresolved issues regarding…
View article: The Reward Positivity: A Goal Prediction Error
The Reward Positivity: A Goal Prediction Error Open
The Reward Positivity (RewP) is an electroencephalographic feature that emerges following reward receipt and is sensitive to positive prediction errors and other experiences of hedonic value. Here we address two unresolved issues regarding…
View article: Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence
Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence Open
Synchrony has been proposed as a relevant phenomenon for investigating social neurophysiological and psychological processes, with inter-brain synchrony, in particular, presumed to facilitate the functional integration of multiple brains. …
View article: Episodic memory and the temporal dynamics of cognitive control
Episodic memory and the temporal dynamics of cognitive control Open
Humans adapt their engagement with tasks based on current goals, a process known as cognitive control. The “episodic control hypothesis” posits that episodic memory supports cognitive control by encoding task-related experiences—such as di…
View article: Reinstatement of temporal context retrieves cognitive control demands
Reinstatement of temporal context retrieves cognitive control demands Open
Theories about the regulation of controlled processing have emphasized distinct “reactive” and “proactive” mechanisms. Reactive mechanisms respond to the ongoing detection of cognitive conflict, pulling the focus of the cognitive system to…
View article: Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation
Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation Open
Animal and computational work indicate that phase resetting of theta oscillations (4–12 Hz) in the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) by salient events (e.g., reward, landmarks) facilitates the encoding of goal-oriented information during navigat…
View article: Relational neuroscience: Insights from hyperscanning research
Relational neuroscience: Insights from hyperscanning research Open
Humans are highly social, typically without this ability requiring noticeable efforts. Yet, such social fluency poses challenges both for the human brain to compute and for scientists to study. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific re…
View article: Lesions of anterior cingulate cortex disrupt an electrophysiological signature of reward processing in humans
Lesions of anterior cingulate cortex disrupt an electrophysiological signature of reward processing in humans Open
The reward positivity (RewP) is an event-related brain potential (ERP) component associated with feedback and reward processing. Although the component is said to be generated in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), this inference is disputed …
View article: Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence
Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence Open
Synchrony has been proposed as a relevant phenomenon for investigating social neurophysiological and psychological processes, with inter-brain synchrony, in particular, presumed to facilitate the functional integration of multiple brains. …
View article: Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence
Investigating EEG inter-brain synchrony: methods to gather meaningful evidence Open
Synchrony has been proposed as a relevant phenomenon for investigating social neurophysiological and psychological processes, with inter-brain synchrony, in particular, presumed to facilitate the functional integration of multiple brains. …
View article: Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation
Right posterior theta reflects human parahippocampal phase resetting by salient cues during goal-directed navigation Open
Animal and computational work indicate that phase resetting of theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) in the parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) by salient events (e.g., reward, landmarks) facilitates the encoding of goal-oriented information during navigat…
View article: Relational Neuroscience: insights from hyperscanning research
Relational Neuroscience: insights from hyperscanning research Open
Humans are highly social, typically without this ability requiring noticeable efforts. Yet, such social fluency poses challenges both for the human brain to compute and for scientists to study. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific re…
View article: The successor representation subserves hierarchical abstraction for goal-directed behavior
The successor representation subserves hierarchical abstraction for goal-directed behavior Open
Humans have the ability to craft abstract, temporally extended and hierarchically organized plans. For instance, when considering how to make spaghetti for dinner, we typically concern ourselves with useful “subgoals” in the task, such as …
View article: Distributed representations for cognitive control in frontal medial cortex
Distributed representations for cognitive control in frontal medial cortex Open
In natural and artificial neural networks, modularity and distributed structure afford complementary but competing benefits. The former allows for hierarchical representations that can flexibly recombine modules to address novel problems, …
View article: Dynamic changes in task preparation in a multi-task environment: The task transformation paradigm
Dynamic changes in task preparation in a multi-task environment: The task transformation paradigm Open
A key element of human flexible behavior concerns the ability to continuously predict and prepare for sudden changes in tasks or actions. Here, we tested whether people can dynamically modulate task preparation processes and decision-makin…
View article: The successor representation subserves hierarchical abstraction for goal-directed behavior
The successor representation subserves hierarchical abstraction for goal-directed behavior Open
Humans have the ability to craft abstract, temporally extended and hierarchically organized plans. For instance, when considering how to make spaghetti for dinner, we typically concern ourselves with useful “subgoals” in the task, such as …
View article: The Controllosphere: The Neural Origin of Cognitive Effort
The Controllosphere: The Neural Origin of Cognitive Effort Open
Why do some mental activities feel harder than others? The answer to this question is surprisingly controversial. Current theories propose that cognitive effort affords a computational benefit, such as instigating a switch from an activity…
View article: Electrophysiological measures of conflict and reward processing are associated with decisions to engage in physical effort
Electrophysiological measures of conflict and reward processing are associated with decisions to engage in physical effort Open
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key brain region involved in cognitive control and decision making, is suggested to mediate effort‐ and value‐based decision making, but the specific role of ACC in this process remains debated. Here we u…
View article: Task-level value affects trial-level reward processing
Task-level value affects trial-level reward processing Open
Despite disagreement about how anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) supports decision making, a recent hypothesis suggests that activity in this region is best understood in the context of a task or series of tasks. One important task-level var…
View article: Task-Level Value Affects Trial-Level Reward Processing
Task-Level Value Affects Trial-Level Reward Processing Open
Despite disagreement about how anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) supports decision making, a recent hypothesis suggests that activity in this region is best understood in the context of a task or series of tasks. One important task-level var…
View article: Neural Representations of Task Context and Temporal Order During Action Sequence Execution
Neural Representations of Task Context and Temporal Order During Action Sequence Execution Open
Routine action sequences can share a great deal of similarity in terms of their stimulus response mappings. As a consequence, their correct execution relies crucially on the ability to preserve contextual and temporal information. However,…
View article: Alpha Event-related Desynchronization During Reward Processing in Schizophrenia
Alpha Event-related Desynchronization During Reward Processing in Schizophrenia Open
Background Deficits in the way the brain processes rewards may contribute to negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Synchronization of alpha band neural oscillations is a dominant EEG signal when people are awake, but at rest. In contrast, al…