ABSTRACT Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a well‐recognized complication in people with HIV (PWH) starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), but data on IRIS in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients are limited. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of the literature on IRIS in HCT recipients, including 21 studies encompassing 53 patients. The majority of reported patients had inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and developed IRIS associated with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (…

Background: Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), or Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), causes severe disease in people with profound immunosuppression. Yet, diagnosing KS can be challenging given the diverse manifestations and current limited usual care diagnostic methods (UC; polymerase chain reaction, histopathology). Methods: Pathogen-agnostic plasma microbial cell-free DNA sequencing was applied to banked samples from 116 outpatients included in 2 previous prospective studies of patients with antiretro…

Background Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder characterized by low circulating CD4+ T cells (<300 cells/μl) in the absence of HIV or any other immunosuppressive condition or therapy. Patients with ICL have high risk of serious opportunistic infections and malignancies. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has previously been associated with immune deficiencies and altered responses to immune therapies. We hypothesized that patients with ICL would exhibit unique gut microbiome commu…

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has considerable mortality and morbidity, and it often presents therapeutic challenges when complicated by paradoxical reactions (PRs). Here, the clinical course of four cases of TBM patients complicated by PRs in a longitudinal TB cohort is described while also providing insights from the larger clinical cohort. Research flow cytometry, biomarker analysis, and drug concentrations were performed on available samples. All participants were initiated on standard antituberculosis therapy …

Abstract Background Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), 15%–30% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience a limited recovery of CD4 T cells. Although autoantibodies against the CD4 receptor have previously been identified in people with HIV (PWH), little is known about their longitudinal impact on CD4 T-cell reconstitution. Methods Anti-CD4 autoantibodies were evaluated by the fluid-phase luciferase immunoprecipitation systems immunoassay in ART-naive people with advanced HIV (CD4 …