Bridget E. Young
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View article: Associations among Human Milk Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Infant Sleep Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study
Associations among Human Milk Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Infant Sleep Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study Open
Higher HM proportions of omega-3 and omega-6, particularly ALA and LA, were associated with greater diurnal sleep in exclusively HM-fed 2 month olds. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and long-term developmental i…
View article: Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study
Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study Open
Background Maternal stress is pervasive in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Maternal stress is associated with changes in human milk (HM) immunomodulatory agents, which may impact neonatal health. We sought to determine the associa…
View article: Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Lactation-Stage-Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2 Weeks Postnatal
Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Lactation-Stage-Matched Human and Bovine Milk Samples at 2 Weeks Postnatal Open
Epidemiological data demonstrate that bovine whole milk is often substituted for human milk during the first 12 months of life and may be associated with adverse infant outcomes. The objective of this study is to interrogate the human and …
View article: Iron and DHA in Infant Formula Purchased in the US Fails to Meet European Nutrition Requirements
Iron and DHA in Infant Formula Purchased in the US Fails to Meet European Nutrition Requirements Open
Requirements for iron and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of infant formula varies by country. Powdered full-term infant formula purchase data from all major physical stores in the US between 2017–2019 were obtained from CIRCANA, Inc. I…
View article: Effectiveness of lactation cookies on human milk production rates: a randomized controlled trial
Effectiveness of lactation cookies on human milk production rates: a randomized controlled trial Open
This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04805008.
View article: Health and nutrition claims for infant formula: international cross sectional survey
Health and nutrition claims for infant formula: international cross sectional survey Open
Objectives To review available health and nutrition claims for infant formula products in multiple countries and to evaluate the validity of the evidence used for substantiation of claims. Design International cross sectional survey. Setti…
View article: Infant Red Blood Cell Arachidonic to Docosahexaenoic Acid Ratio Inversely Associates with Fat-Free Mass Independent of Breastfeeding Exclusivity
Infant Red Blood Cell Arachidonic to Docosahexaenoic Acid Ratio Inversely Associates with Fat-Free Mass Independent of Breastfeeding Exclusivity Open
The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased nearly ten times over the last 40 years, influenced by early life nutrients that have persistent effects on life-long metabolism. During the first six months, infants undergo accelerated ad…
View article: Protein and carbohydrate content of infant formula purchased in the United States
Protein and carbohydrate content of infant formula purchased in the United States Open
Background The protein and carbohydrate composition of formula fed infants' diets in the United States (US) has not been described. The aims of this study were to characterize these dietary exposures in infant formula purchased in the US a…
View article: Broad Cross-Reactive IgA and IgG against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection
Broad Cross-Reactive IgA and IgG against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection Open
It is currently unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccination can also induce IgG and IgA against common human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in lactating parents. Here we prospectively analyzed human milk (HM) and blood samples from lactatin…
View article: Broad Cross-reactive IgA and IgG Against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection
Broad Cross-reactive IgA and IgG Against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection Open
It is currently unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccination can also induce IgG and IgA against common human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in lactating parents. Here we prospectively analyzed human milk (HM) and blood samples from lactatin…
View article: Thinking More About Inhibition of Breast Milk on the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2—Reply
Thinking More About Inhibition of Breast Milk on the Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2—Reply Open
In Reply We wish to thank Zhou at al for their insightful comments on our study.1 The authors make an excellent point that some of the neutralization activity of human breast milk against SARS-CoV-2 may be attributed to other nonimmunoglob…
View article: Milk From Women Diagnosed With COVID-19 Does Not Contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA but Has Persistent Levels of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgA Antibodies
Milk From Women Diagnosed With COVID-19 Does Not Contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA but Has Persistent Levels of SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgA Antibodies Open
Background Limited data are available regarding the balance of risks and benefits from human milk and/or breastfeeding during and following maternal infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective To …
View article: B-Vitamins and Choline in Human Milk Are Not Impacted by a Preconception Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement, but Differ Among Three Low-to-Middle Income Settings—Findings From the Women First Trial
B-Vitamins and Choline in Human Milk Are Not Impacted by a Preconception Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplement, but Differ Among Three Low-to-Middle Income Settings—Findings From the Women First Trial Open
Introduction: Optimal human milk (HM) B-vitamin concentrations remain undefined, especially in areas where undernutrition is prevalent. The impact of supplementation pre-conception through pregnancy on HM B-vitamin composition remains unkn…
View article: Association of Human Milk Antibody Induction, Persistence, and Neutralizing Capacity With SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs mRNA Vaccination
Association of Human Milk Antibody Induction, Persistence, and Neutralizing Capacity With SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs mRNA Vaccination Open
In this cohort study of a convenience sample of lactating parents, the pattern of IgA and IgG antibodies in human milk differed between COVID-19 infection vs mRNA vaccination out to 90 days. While infection was associated with a highly var…
View article: Lactose-Reduced Infant Formulas Are Over-Consumed Whereas Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas Are Not - When Compared to Medical Necessity
Lactose-Reduced Infant Formulas Are Over-Consumed Whereas Hypoallergenic Infant Formulas Are Not - When Compared to Medical Necessity Open
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to report the macronutrient composition of powdered infant formula purchased from major US physical-location retailers from 2017 through 2019. We then compared the percentage of lactose-reduced and hypoallergenic powde…
View article: Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Antibodies, and Neutralizing Capacity in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, Antibodies, and Neutralizing Capacity in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19 Open
Results from prior studies assaying human milk for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19, have suggested milk may act as a potential vehicle for mother-to-child transmission. Most previous studies are limited because …
View article: Gestational Diabetes Is Uniquely Associated With Altered Early Seeding of the Infant Gut Microbiota
Gestational Diabetes Is Uniquely Associated With Altered Early Seeding of the Infant Gut Microbiota Open
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a worldwide public health problem affecting up to 27% of pregnancies with high predictive values for childhood obesity and inflammatory diseases. Compromised seeding of the infant gut microbiota is a …
View article: Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities
Breastfeeding and the origins of health: Interdisciplinary perspectives and priorities Open
Breastfeeding and human milk (HM) are critically important to maternal, infant and population health. This paper summarizes the proceedings of a workshop that convened a multidisciplinary panel of researchers to identify key priorities and…
View article: Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics
Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics Open
Background: There is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown. Methods: The 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition E…
View article: Milk Bank Pooling Practices Impact Concentrations and Variability of Bioactive Components of Donor Human Milk
Milk Bank Pooling Practices Impact Concentrations and Variability of Bioactive Components of Donor Human Milk Open
Background: Donor human milk (DHM) bank practices, such as pasteurization and pooling according to postpartum age of milk donations and number of donors included in a pool may impact the resulting concentration of bioactive components of D…
View article: COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity
COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity Open
Background It is not known whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from mother to infant during breastfeeding, and if so whether the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh this risk. This study was designed to evaluate 1) if SARS-CoV-2 RNA can b…