Craig A. Smith
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View article: AMHY and sex determination in egg-laying mammals
AMHY and sex determination in egg-laying mammals Open
The sex chromosomes of egg-laying mammals (monotremes), which lack the sex determining gene SRY, evolved independently to those of all therian mammals. Here we characterise the candidate monotreme sex determining gene, the Y-localised anti…
View article: Mini review: Asymmetric Müllerian duct development in the chicken embryo
Mini review: Asymmetric Müllerian duct development in the chicken embryo Open
Müllerian ducts are paired embryonic tubes that give rise to the female reproductive tract. In humans, the Müllerian ducts differentiate into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and upper portion of the vagina. In birds and reptiles, the Müllerian…
View article: Resolving the mechanisms underlying epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of the lateral plate mesoderm
Resolving the mechanisms underlying epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of the lateral plate mesoderm Open
Summary Formation of the vertebrate limb buds begins with a localized epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the somatic lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). While the processes that drive proliferation and outgrowth of the limb mesenchyme…
View article: DMRT1-mediated regulation of <i>TOX3</i> modulates expansion of the gonadal steroidogenic cell lineage in the chicken embryo
DMRT1-mediated regulation of <i>TOX3</i> modulates expansion of the gonadal steroidogenic cell lineage in the chicken embryo Open
During gonadal sex determination, the supporting cell lineage differentiates into Sertoli cells in males and pre-granulosa cells in females. Recently, single cell RNA-seq data have indicated that chicken steroidogenic cells are derived fro…
View article: Supplementary Material for: A Phase 2, Prospective, Multicenter, Single-arm Trial of Transarterial Chemoembolization Therapy in Combination Strategy with Lenvatinib in Patients with Unresectable Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: TACTICS-L Trial
Supplementary Material for: A Phase 2, Prospective, Multicenter, Single-arm Trial of Transarterial Chemoembolization Therapy in Combination Strategy with Lenvatinib in Patients with Unresectable Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: TACTICS-L Trial Open
Background: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for unresectable intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but recurrence after TACE is common. The present phase II, prospective, multicenter, single-ar…
View article: Supplementary Material for: A Phase 2, Prospective, Multicenter, Single-arm Trial of Transarterial Chemoembolization Therapy in Combination Strategy with Lenvatinib in Patients with Unresectable Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: TACTICS-L Trial
Supplementary Material for: A Phase 2, Prospective, Multicenter, Single-arm Trial of Transarterial Chemoembolization Therapy in Combination Strategy with Lenvatinib in Patients with Unresectable Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: TACTICS-L Trial Open
Background: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for unresectable intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but recurrence after TACE is common. The present phase II, prospective, multicenter, single-ar…
View article: Heterotopic reduction of forelimb progenitors underpins development of the vestigial emu wing; implications for vertebrate limb evolution
Heterotopic reduction of forelimb progenitors underpins development of the vestigial emu wing; implications for vertebrate limb evolution Open
The tetrapod limb has evolved a broad diversity of form and function, enabling vertebrates to adapt to a wide range of environments. One of the most striking examples of this is the evolution of powered flight in birds. However, during the…
View article: Fadrozole-mediated sex reversal in the embryonic chicken gonad involves a PAX2 positive undifferentiated supporting cell state
Fadrozole-mediated sex reversal in the embryonic chicken gonad involves a PAX2 positive undifferentiated supporting cell state Open
Gonadal sex differentiation among vertebrates involves divergent fates of a common group of progenitor cells present in both presumptive ovaries and testes. The first cell type to differentiate gives rise to pre-Sertoli cells in the testis…
View article: Cell lineage specification and signalling pathway use during development of the lateral plate mesoderm and forelimb mesenchyme
Cell lineage specification and signalling pathway use during development of the lateral plate mesoderm and forelimb mesenchyme Open
The lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is a transient tissue that produces a diverse range of differentiated structures, including the limbs. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive early LPM specification and development are poorly underst…
View article: Fadrozole-mediated sex reversal in the embryonic chicken gonad involves a PAX2 positive undifferentiated supporting cell state
Fadrozole-mediated sex reversal in the embryonic chicken gonad involves a PAX2 positive undifferentiated supporting cell state Open
Gonadal sex differentiation among vertebrates involves divergent fates of a common groups of progenitor cells present in both presumptive ovaries and testes. The first cell type to differentiate gives rise to pre-Sertoli cells in the testi…
View article: DMRT1 regulation of<i>TOX3</i>modulates expansion of the gonadal steroidogenic cell lineage
DMRT1 regulation of<i>TOX3</i>modulates expansion of the gonadal steroidogenic cell lineage Open
Vertebrate gonads comprise three primary cell types, germ cells, steroidogenic cells, and supporting cells. The latter are the first cell type to differentiate in the embryonic gonad and direct the formation of other somatic lineages. Duri…
View article: Cell lineage specification during development of the anterior lateral plate mesoderm and forelimb field
Cell lineage specification during development of the anterior lateral plate mesoderm and forelimb field Open
The lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is a transient embryonic tissue that gives rise to a diverse range of mature cell types, including the cardiovascular system, the urogenital system, endoskeleton of the limbs, and mesenchyme of the gut. Whi…
View article: Genetic Regulation of Avian Testis Development
Genetic Regulation of Avian Testis Development Open
As in other vertebrates, avian testes are the site of spermatogenesis and androgen production. The paired testes of birds differentiate during embryogenesis, first marked by the development of pre-Sertoli cells in the gonadal primordium an…
View article: An evo-devo perspective of the female reproductive tract
An evo-devo perspective of the female reproductive tract Open
The vertebrate female reproductive tract has undergone considerable diversification over evolution, having become physiologically adapted to different reproductive strategies. This review considers the female reproductive tract from the pe…
View article: PAX2+ Mesenchymal Origin of Gonadal Supporting Cells Is Conserved in Birds
PAX2+ Mesenchymal Origin of Gonadal Supporting Cells Is Conserved in Birds Open
During embryonic gonadal development, the supporting cell lineage is the first cell type to differentiate, giving rise to Sertoli cells in the testis and pre-granulosa cells in the ovary. These cells are thought to direct other gonadal cel…
View article: The homeobox gene <i>TGIF1</i> is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla
The homeobox gene <i>TGIF1</i> is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla Open
During early embryogenesis in amniotic vertebrates, the gonads differentiate into either ovaries or testes. The first cell lineage to differentiate gives rise to the supporting cells: Sertoli cells in males and pre-granulosa cells in femal…
View article: Fadrozole-Mediated Sex Reversal Induces PAX2+Undifferentiated Supporting Cells in Female Chicken Gonads
Fadrozole-Mediated Sex Reversal Induces PAX2+Undifferentiated Supporting Cells in Female Chicken Gonads Open
During early embryogenesis, the undifferentiated gonad is bipotential and subsequently commits to an ovarian or testicular fate. In birds, double dose of the Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for testicular differentiation in male embryos (g…
View article: <i>TGIF1</i>is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla
<i>TGIF1</i>is required for chicken ovarian cortical development and generation of the juxtacortical medulla Open
During early embryogenesis in amniotic vertebrates, the gonads differentiate into either ovaries or testes. The first cell lineage to differentiate gives rise to the supporting cells; Sertoli cells in males and pre-granulosa cells in femal…
View article: Anatomy, Endocrine Regulation, and Embryonic Development of the Rete Testis
Anatomy, Endocrine Regulation, and Embryonic Development of the Rete Testis Open
Reproduction in males requires the transfer of spermatozoa from testis tubules via the rete system to the efferent ductules, epididymis, and vas deferens. The rete therefore forms an essential bridging system between the testis and excurre…
View article: The Sertoli cell expressed gene secernin‐1 (<i>Scrn1</i>) is dispensable for male fertility in the mouse
The Sertoli cell expressed gene secernin‐1 (<i>Scrn1</i>) is dispensable for male fertility in the mouse Open
Background Male infertility is a prevalent clinical presentation for which there is likely a strong genetic component due to the thousands of genes required for spermatogenesis. Within this study we investigated the role of the gene Scrn1 …
View article: Regulation of vertebrate forelimb development and wing reduction in the flightless emu
Regulation of vertebrate forelimb development and wing reduction in the flightless emu Open
The vertebrate limb is a dynamic structure which has evolved into many diverse forms to facilitate complex behavioral adaptations. The principle molecular and cellular processes that underlie development of the vertebrate limb are well cha…
View article: Gonadal Sex Differentiation: Supporting Versus Steroidogenic Cell Lineage Specification in Mammals and Birds
Gonadal Sex Differentiation: Supporting Versus Steroidogenic Cell Lineage Specification in Mammals and Birds Open
The gonads of vertebrate embryos are unique among organs because they have a developmental choice; ovary or testis formation. Given the importance of proper gonad formation for sexual development and reproduction, considerable research has…
View article: Applying Single-Cell Analysis to Gonadogenesis and DSDs (Disorders/Differences of Sex Development)
Applying Single-Cell Analysis to Gonadogenesis and DSDs (Disorders/Differences of Sex Development) Open
The gonads are unique among the body’s organs in having a developmental choice: testis or ovary formation. Gonadal sex differentiation involves common progenitor cells that form either Sertoli and Leydig cells in the testis or granulosa an…
View article: Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR56, is required for Müllerian duct development in the chick
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR56, is required for Müllerian duct development in the chick Open
The embryonic Müllerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina in humans, the oviducts in birds). Embryonic Müllerian ducts initially develop in both sexes, but later regress in males und…
View article: Gonadal and Endocrine Analysis of a Gynandromorphic Chicken
Gonadal and Endocrine Analysis of a Gynandromorphic Chicken Open
Birds have a ZZ male and ZW female sex chromosome system. The relative roles of genetics and hormones in regulating avian sexual development have been revealed by studies on gynandromorphs. Gynandromorphs are rare bilateral sex chimeras, m…