Impairment of the intestinal barrier allows the systemic translocation of commensal bacteria, inducing a proinflammatory state in the host. Here, we investigated innate immune responses following increased gut permeability upon administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice. We found that Enterococcus faecalis translocated to the bone marrow following DSS treatment and induced trained immunity (TI) hallmarks in bone-marrow-derived mouse macrophages and human monocytes. DSS treatment or heat-killed E. faeca…

The devastating impact of respiratory infections demonstrates the critical need for novel prophylactic vaccines. In this opinion article, we advocate for bacterial immunotherapies as a complementary tool in our fight against respiratory infections. These immunotherapies can activate a wide spectrum of immunological mechanisms, with trained immunity (TI) being particularly significant. This phenomenon has led to the concept of trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbVs), which represent a novel approach in vaccinology.…

Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences antitumor immunity, with monocytes and macrophages playing pivotal roles both in pro- and anti-tumoral functions. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) often adopt immunosuppressive phenotypes that promote tumor progression by inhibiting cytotoxic T and NK cells. This study investigates the antitumor mechanisms of intravenous (IV) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in a B16-F10 lung melanoma mouse model, focusing on its impact on monocyte/macrophage popu…

Introduction Paediatric acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology (PAHUA) has emerged as a global health concern, yet its cause remains unidentified. This study characterises the clinical and immunological profiles of PAHUA to identify reliable immune biomarkers for accurate diagnosis. Methods Samples from 24 PAHUA patients, 6 children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and 13 healthy paediatric volunteers (HVs) were analysed. Immunophenotyping, soluble immune checkpoints (ICs) and cytokine profiling, and ex vivo immune …

Summary Impairment of the intestinal barrier allows the systemic translocation of commensal bacteria, inducing a pro-inflammatory state in the host. To address potential mechanisms underlying this link, we explored innate immune responses following increased gut permeability upon administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to mice. Microbiota translocation induced trained immunity (TI) in mouse myeloid bone marrow progenitors (BMPs). Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant bacteria detected in the bone marrow…