Carmen L. Loureiro
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View article: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Exhibits More Charged Amino Acids in Its Envelope Proteins, Compared to Madariaga Virus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Exhibits More Charged Amino Acids in Its Envelope Proteins, Compared to Madariaga Virus Open
Given the importance of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; complex lineage I) in veterinary and public health in North America, there is limited knowledge about lineages II, III, and IV, also known as Madariaga virus (MADV), which ar…
View article: Optimization of a real-time PCR assay for hepatitis B virus load determination in infected patients.
Optimization of a real-time PCR assay for hepatitis B virus load determination in infected patients. Open
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a significant health problem in the world, with around 294 million chronic carriers. Determination of viral load is crucial for the monitoring and treatment follow-up of HBV-infected pa-tients. In-house…
View article: Analysis of the Monophyletic Lineage of Avian Influenza H5N1 Which Circulated in Venezuelan Birds During the 2022–2023 Outbreak
Analysis of the Monophyletic Lineage of Avian Influenza H5N1 Which Circulated in Venezuelan Birds During the 2022–2023 Outbreak Open
Avian influenza subtype H5N1 has caused outbreaks worldwide since 1996, with the emergence of the Guandong lineage in China. The current clade 2.3.4.4b has evolved from this lineage, with increased virulence and mass mortality events in bi…
View article: Epidemiological and virological characterization of mpox cases in Venezuela during the multinational 2022-2023 outbreak.
Epidemiological and virological characterization of mpox cases in Venezuela during the multinational 2022-2023 outbreak. Open
Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious disease caused by MPXV, a member of the family Poxviridae. On July 23, 2022, the WHO declared the first Public Health Emergency of International Concern of Mpox due to an escalating globa…
View article: Outbreak of Intermediate Species <i>Leptospira venezuelensis</i> Spread by Rodents to Cows and Humans in <i>L. interrogans</i>–Endemic Region, Venezuela
Outbreak of Intermediate Species <i>Leptospira venezuelensis</i> Spread by Rodents to Cows and Humans in <i>L. interrogans</i>–Endemic Region, Venezuela Open
Leptospirosis is a common but underdiagnosed zoonosis. We conducted a 1-year prospective study in La Guaira State, Venezuela, analyzing 71 hospitalized patients who had possible leptospirosis and sampling local rodents and dairy cows. Lept…
View article: Neutralization of Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by a F(ab′)2 Preparation from Sera of Horses Immunized with the Viral Receptor Binding Domain
Neutralization of Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by a F(ab′)2 Preparation from Sera of Horses Immunized with the Viral Receptor Binding Domain Open
The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the functional region of the viral Spike protein (S), which is involved in cell attachment to target cells. The virus has accumulated prog…
View article: Neutralization of Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by a F(ab’)2 Preparation from Sera of Horses Immunized with the Viral Receptor Binding Domain
Neutralization of Different Variants of SARS-CoV-2 by a F(ab’)2 Preparation from Sera of Horses Immunized with the Viral Receptor Binding Domain Open
The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the functional region of the viral Spike protein (S), which is involved in cell attachment to target cells. The virus has accumulated prog…
View article: The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes
The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes Open
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied genotypes. Genotype E is found almost exclusively in West Africa. Genotypes F and H are found in America and are rare in other parts of the world. The distribution of genotype G is …
View article: Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-Lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela
Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-Lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela Open
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC), Omicron, has been characterized by an explosive number of cases in almost every part of the world. The dissemination of different sub-lineages and recombinant genomes also led to se…
View article: Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela
Dissemination of the Omicron Variant and Its Sub-lineages among Residents and Travelers in Its First Year of Emergence in Venezuela Open
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC) Omicron has been characterized by an explosive number of cases in almost every part of the world. The dissemination of different sub-lineages and recombinant genomes also led to seve…
View article: Web-tools for the genomic analysis of the 2022 Monkeypox virus global outbreak.
Web-tools for the genomic analysis of the 2022 Monkeypox virus global outbreak. Open
The resources and platforms available on the internet for collect-ing and sharing information and performing genomic sequence analysis have made it possible to follow closely the evolution the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. However, the current …
View article: Hepatitis B eradication: vaccine as a key player.
Hepatitis B eradication: vaccine as a key player. Open
Many barriers still exist, such as vaccine availability, lack of awareness of the benefits of HBV vaccination, and VH. HBV VH seems to be eventually overcome in many settings with active education campaigns and information, stressing the i…
View article: First Case of Monkeypox in Venezuela: Partial Complete Genome Sequence Allowed Its Grouping into the West African Clade II
First Case of Monkeypox in Venezuela: Partial Complete Genome Sequence Allowed Its Grouping into the West African Clade II Open
The ongoing epidemic of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection has already reached more than 50,000 persons worldwide until the end of August 2022. We report the first case detected in Venezuela. The patient reported traveling from Spain and con…
View article: Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: characteristic mutations and their relation to epidemiological behavior.
Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: characteristic mutations and their relation to epidemiological behavior. Open
By the end of 2021, the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, emerges, causing immediate concern, due to the explosive increase in cases in South Africa and a large number of mutations. This study describ…
View article: Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-CoV-2 in Venezuela
Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-CoV-2 in Venezuela Open
Some of the lineages of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, exhibit higher transmissibility or partial resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization and were designated by WHO as Variants of Interests (VOIs) or Conce…
View article: Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-Cov-2 in Venezuela
Description of a One-Year Succession of Variants of Interest and Concern of SARS-Cov-2 in Venezuela Open
Some of the lineages of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, exhibit higher transmissibility or partial resistance to antibody mediated neutralization and were des-ignated by WHO as Variants of Interests (VOIs) or Conc…
View article: Detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in international travelers returning to Venezuela
Detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 in international travelers returning to Venezuela Open
View article: Detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 by restriction analysis targeting the mutations K417N and N440K of the spike protein
Detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 by restriction analysis targeting the mutations K417N and N440K of the spike protein Open
By the end of 2021, the Omicron variant of concern (VOC) emerges in South Africa. This variant caused immediate concern, due to the explosive increase in cases associated with it and the large number of mutations it exhibits. In this study…
View article: Estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2.
Estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2. Open
Introducción: El agente etiológico responsable de COVID-19, SARSCoV-2, es un virus ARN perteneciente a la familia Coronaviridae. Durante la replicación, los componentes virales interactúan con la maquinaria celular induciendo alteraciones …
View article: Biología y diversidad genética del SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la COVID-19.
Biología y diversidad genética del SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la COVID-19. Open
La infección generada por el SARS-CoV-2 ha causado más de 200 millones de casos y de 4,5 millones de muertes en todo el mundo. El SARS-CoV-2 ha ido acumulando mutaciones que permiten clasificarlo en diferentes linajes. Algunos de esos lina…
View article: A simple method for detection of mutations in amino acid 452 of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 using restriction enzyme analysis
A simple method for detection of mutations in amino acid 452 of the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 using restriction enzyme analysis Open
Variants of Concern or Interest of SARS-CoV-2 (VOC or VOI), the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, have emerged in several countries. Mutations in the amino acid 452 of the Spike protein are particularly important and associated with so…
View article: Introduction and rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Variant of Concern in Venezuela
Introduction and rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Variant of Concern in Venezuela Open
View article: Importance of E484K and N501Y mutations in SARS-CoV-2 for genomic surveillance: rapid detection by restriction enzyme analysis
Importance of E484K and N501Y mutations in SARS-CoV-2 for genomic surveillance: rapid detection by restriction enzyme analysis Open
Introduction: Variants of Concern of SARS-CoV-2 (VOCs), the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, have emerged in several countries. Two mutations in the gene coding for the Spike protein of the viral genome are particularly important …
View article: SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in Venezuela: Predominance of D614G variants and analysis of one outbreak
SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity in Venezuela: Predominance of D614G variants and analysis of one outbreak Open
SARS-CoV-2 is the new coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 disease. The first two cases of COVID-19 were detected in Venezuela on March 13, 2020. The aim of this study was the genetic characterization of Venezuelan SARS-CoV-2 isolates. A t…
View article: Preliminary Evidence for Hepatitis Delta Virus Exposure in Patients Who Are Apparently Not Infected With Hepatitis B Virus
Preliminary Evidence for Hepatitis Delta Virus Exposure in Patients Who Are Apparently Not Infected With Hepatitis B Virus Open
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective human virus that lacks the ability to produce its own envelope proteins and is thus dependent on the presence of a helper virus, which provides its surface proteins to produce infectious particles…
View article: Desempeño de métodos moleculares para la identificación de subtipos poco comunes del virus de hepatitis C genotipo 2
Desempeño de métodos moleculares para la identificación de subtipos poco comunes del virus de hepatitis C genotipo 2 Open
Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis C (HCV) presenta una gran variabilidad genética, con siete genotipos y numerosos subtipos. La determinación del tipo viral ha sido fundamental para la escogencia y la duración del tratamiento antivira…
View article: Decreasing prevalence of Hepatitis B and absence of Hepatitis C Virus infection in the Warao indigenous population of Venezuela
Decreasing prevalence of Hepatitis B and absence of Hepatitis C Virus infection in the Warao indigenous population of Venezuela Open
Prevalence and molecular epidemiology studies for hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus are scarce in Warao Amerindians from Venezuela, where an epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has recently been documented. To carry o…
View article: Low affinity hemoglobinopathy (<scp>H</scp>b <scp>V</scp>igo) due to a new mutation of beta globin gene (c200 <scp>A</scp>><scp>T</scp>; <scp>L</scp>ys><scp>I</scp>le). A cause of rare anemia misdiagnosis
Low affinity hemoglobinopathy (<span>H</span>b <span>V</span>igo) due to a new mutation of beta globin gene (c200 <span>A</span>><span>T</span>; <span>L</span>ys><span>I</span>le). A cause of rare anemia misdiagnosis Open
A 12-year-old girl of Spanish origin was referred for chronic anemia since 11 months of age. Her complete blood count (CBC) showed a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 103 g/L to 106 g/L, with normal reticulocyte count (47-54 ×109/L). Other …
View article: Demostración de la seguridad, inmunogenicidad y evidencias de la eficacia del candidato vacunal HeberNasvac y caracterización de las poblaciones de pacientes con hepatitis B crónica
Demostración de la seguridad, inmunogenicidad y evidencias de la eficacia del candidato vacunal HeberNasvac y caracterización de las poblaciones de pacientes con hepatitis B crónica Open
Chronic hepatitis B remains as a major public health problem, with more than 350 million people infected worldwide. Available therapies have limited efficacy and require long-term continuous treatments, further encouraging the development …
View article: The Evolving HIV-1 Epidemic in Warao Amerindians Is Dominated by an Extremely High Frequency of CXCR4-Utilizing Strains
The Evolving HIV-1 Epidemic in Warao Amerindians Is Dominated by an Extremely High Frequency of CXCR4-Utilizing Strains Open
We previously reported a high prevalence of HIV-1 infection in Warao Amerindians from Venezuela due to the rapid spread of a single B subtype strain. In this study we evaluated the coreceptor use of the HIV-1 strains infecting this Amerind…