Explanipedia

The XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine elicits a durable antibody response to ancestral and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins Open

Sanjeev Kumar, Shilpi Jain, Bushra Wali, Veronika I. Zarnitsyna, Devyani Joshi , et al. · 2025

The rapid emergence of divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants led to a 2023–2024 update of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine to a monovalent version containing the XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. To determine the durability and breadth of the antibody re…

Diversity of Rhinovirus and Enterovirus Infections Among Pediatric Patients Hospitalized in Wisconsin, 2022-2023 Open

Hannah Litwak, Carlos M. Pérez, Allen Bateman, Kyley Anhalt, Xiaoyan Lu , et al. · 2025

Estimated COVID-19 Periodicity and Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Antigenic Diversity, United States Open

Erica Billig Rose, Clinton R. Paden, Peter W. Cook, C. Kevin, Amber Winn , et al. · 2025

Emergence of antigenically diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants may be correlated with temporal circulation patterns. We analyzed positive SARS-CoV-2 tests in the United States reported to a national, laboratory-based surveillance network and uniqu…

Integrating genomic data into test-negative designs for estimating lineage-specific COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness Open

C. Kevin, Diya Surie, Natalie E. Dean, Clinton R. Paden, Natalie J. Thornburg , et al. · 2025

Background SARS-CoV-2 lineage-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies can inform decision-making on whether COVID-19 vaccine composition updates are needed to maintain effectiveness against severe disease as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evo…

Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — VISION and IVY Networks, September 2024–January 2025 Open

Ruth Link‐Gelles, Sean Chickery, A Webber, Toan C. Ong, Elizabeth Rowley , et al. · 2025

COVID-19 vaccination averted approximately 68,000 hospitalizations during the 2023-24 respiratory season. In June 2024, CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that all persons aged ≥6 months receive a 2…

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Circulation of Omicron XBB and JN.1 Lineages — United States, May 2023–September 2024 Open

C. Kevin, Juan E. De Castro, Anastasia S. Lambrou, Erica Billig Rose, Peter W. Cook , et al. · 2024

CDC continues to track the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, including the Omicron variant and its descendants, using national genomic surveillance. This report summarizes U.S. trends in variant proportion estimates during May 2023-September 2024, …

Effectiveness of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86/JN.1 Lineage Hospitalization and a Comparison of Clinical Severity—IVY Network, 26 Hospitals, 18 October 2023–9 March 2024 Open

C. Kevin, Diya Surie, Adam S. Lauring, Emily T. Martin, Aleda M. Leis , et al. · 2024

Background Assessing variant-specific coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness (VE) and severity can inform public health risk assessments and decisions about vaccine composition. BA.2.86 and its descendants, including JN.…

Effectiveness of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86/JN.1 Lineage Hospitalization and a Comparison of Clinical Severity — IVY Network, 26 Hospitals, October 18, 2023–March 9, 2024 Open

C. Kevin, Diya Surie, Adam S. Lauring, Emily T. Martin, Aleda M. Leis , et al. · 2024

Background Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants can inform public health risk assessments and decisions about vaccine composition. BA.2.86 and its descendants, including JN.1 (referred to collec…

Antigenic Characterization of Circulating and Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants in the U.S. throughout the Delta to Omicron Waves Open

Han Di, Elizabeth A. Pusch, Joyce Jones, Nicholas A. Kovacs, Norman Hassell , et al. · 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into numerous lineages with unique spike mutations and caused multiple epidemics domestically and globally. Although COVID-19 vaccines are available, new variants wit…

Interim Effectiveness of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Emergency Department and Urgent Care Encounters and Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults Aged ≥18 Years — VISION and IVY Networks, September 2023–January 2024 Open

Jennifer DeCuir, Amanda B. Payne, Wesley H. Self, Elizabeth Rowley, Kristin Dascomb , et al. · 2024

In September 2023, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended updated 2023-2024 (monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 vaccination for all persons aged ≥6 months to prevent COVID-19, including severe disease. However, few estima…

Early Estimates of Updated 2023–2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Attributable to Co-Circulating Omicron Variants Among Immunocompetent Adults — Increasing Community Access to Testing Program, United States, September 2023–January 2024 Open

Ruth Link‐Gelles, Allison Avrich Ciesla, Josephine Mak, Joseph D. Miller, Benjamin J. Silk , et al. · 2024

On September 12, 2023, CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended updated 2023-2024 (updated) COVID-19 vaccination with a monovalent XBB.1.5-derived vaccine for all persons aged ≥6 months to prevent COVID-19, including …

Early Detection and Surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant BA.2.86 — Worldwide, July–October 2023 Open

Anastasia S. Lambrou, Erin South, Eliza S. Ballou, Clinton R. Paden, James A. Fuller , et al. · 2023

Early detection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical to guiding rapid risk assessments, providing clear and timely communication messages, and coordinating public health action. CDC identifies and monitors novel SARS-CoV-2 variants …

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Circulation of Omicron Lineages — United States, January 2022–May 2023 Open

C. Kevin, Philip Shirk, Anastasia S. Lambrou, Norman Hassell, Xiaoyu Zheng , et al. · 2023

CDC has used national genomic surveillance since December 2020 to monitor SARS-CoV-2 variants that have emerged throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Omicron variant. This report summarizes U.S. trends in variant proportions from…

COVID-19 Surveillance After Expiration of the Public Health Emergency Declaration ― United States, May 11, 2023 Open

Benjamin J. Silk, Heather M. Scobie, William M. Duck, Tess Palmer, Farida Ahmad , et al. · 2023

On January 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) declared, under Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act, a U.S. public health emergency because of the emergence of a novel virus, SARS-CoV-2.* After 13 renew…

Travel history among persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the United States, December 2020—February 2021 Open

Alicia Dunajcik, Kambria Haire, Jennifer D. Thomas, Leah F. Moriarty, Yuri P. Springer , et al. · 2023

The first three SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetic lineages classified as variants of concern (VOCs) in the United States (U.S.) from December 15, 2020 to February 28, 2021, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Gamma (P.1) lineages, were initially de…

Spike Gene Target Amplification in a Diagnostic Assay as a Marker for Public Health Monitoring of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants — United States, November 2021–January 2023 Open

Heather M. Scobie, Akilah R. Ali, Philip Shirk, Zachary Smith, Prabasaj Paul , et al. · 2023

Monitoring emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages and their epidemiologic characteristics helps to inform public health decisions regarding vaccine policy, the use of therapeutics, and health care capacity. When the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant emerged …

Bivalent mRNA vaccine improves antibody-mediated neutralization of many SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variants Open

Nannan Jiang, Li Wang, Masato Hatta, Chenchen Feng, Michael Currier , et al. · 2023

The early Omicron lineage variants evolved and gave rise to diverging lineages that fueled the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Bivalent mRNA vaccines, designed to broaden protection against circulating and future variants, were authorized by th…

COVID-19 on the Nile: a cross-sectional investigation of COVID-19 among Nile River cruise travellers returning to the United States, February–March 2020 Open

Sarah Anne J. Guagliardo, Laura A.S. Quilter, Anna Uehara, Stefanie White, Sarah Talarico , et al. · 2022

Background Early in the pandemic, cruise travel exacerbated the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. We report epidemiologic and molecular findings from an investigation of a cluster of travellers with confirmed COVID-19 returning to the USA from …

Benchmark datasets for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance bioinformatics Open

Lingzi Xiaoli, Jill V. Hagey, Daniel J. Park, Christopher A. Gulvik, Erin L. Young , et al. · 2022

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread globally and is being surveilled with an international genome sequencing effort. Surveillance consists of…

Peer Review #3 of "Benchmark datasets for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance bioinformatics (v0.2)" Open

Lingzi Xiaoli, Jill V. Hagey, Daniel J. Park, Chris Gulvik, Erin L. Young , et al. · 2022

one unique dataset representing common sequence failures was obtained by rigorously scrutinizing

Peer Review #3 of "Benchmark datasets for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance bioinformatics (v0.1)" Open

Lingzi Xiaoli, Jill V. Hagey, Daniel J. Park, Chris Gulvik, Erin L. Young , et al. · 2022

one unique dataset representing common sequence failures was obtained by rigorously scrutinizing

Differential neutralization and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines Open

Li Wang, Markus H. Kainulainen, Nannan Jiang, Han Di, Gaston Bonenfant , et al. · 2022

SARS-CoV-2 Delta–Omicron Recombinant Viruses, United States Open

Kristine A. Lacek, Benjamin L. Rambo‐Martin, Dhwani Batra, Xiaoyu Zheng, Norman Hassell , et al. · 2022

To detect new and changing SARS-CoV-2 variants, we investigated candidate Delta-Omicron recombinant genomes from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national genomic surveillance. Laboratory and bioinformatic investigations identifi…

Household Transmission and Symptomology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Alpha Variant among Children—California and Colorado, 2021 Open

Michelle A. Waltenburg, Melissa Whaley, Rebecca J. Chancey, Marisa A.P. Donnelly, Meagan Chuey , et al. · 2022

Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from children and adult primary cases to household members was frequent. The risk of secondary infection was similar among child and adult household contacts. Among children, household transmission of S…

Identification of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Delta-Omicron Recombinant Virus in the United States Open

Kristine A. Lacek, Benjamin L. Rambo‐Martin, Dhwani Batra, Xiaoyu Zheng, Hitoshi Sakaguchi , et al. · 2022

Recombination between SARS-CoV-2 virus variants can result in different viral properties (e.g., infectiousness or pathogenicity). In this report, we describe viruses with recombinant genomes containing signature mutations from Delta and Om…

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Predominance of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variants — United States, June 2021–January 2022 Open

Anastasia S. Lambrou, Philip Shirk, Molly Steele, Prabasaj Paul, Clinton R. Paden , et al. · 2022

Genomic surveillance is a critical tool for tracking emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), which can exhibit characteristics that potentially affect public health and clinical interventions, including increased …

Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Alpha Variant—United States, 2021 Open

Marisa A.P. Donnelly, Meagan Chuey, Raymond Soto, Noah G. Schwartz, Victoria Chu , et al. · 2022

Background In Spring 2021, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 (Alpha) became the predominant variant in the United States. Research suggests that Alpha has increased transmissibility compared with non-Alph…

Unrecognized introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the US state of Georgia shaped the early epidemic Open

Ahmed Babiker, Michael A. Martin, Charles Marvil, Stephanie Bellman, Robert A. Petit , et al. · 2022

In early 2020, as diagnostic and surveillance responses for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ramped up, attention focused primarily on returning international travelers. Here, we build on existing studies charac…

Functional Features of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Open

Larry J. Anderson, Samadhan Jadhao, Clinton R. Paden, Suxiang Tong · 2021

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age worldwide and repeated infections throughout life leading to serious disease in the elderly and persons with compr…

Genomic Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 Variants Circulating in the United States, December 2020–May 2021 Open

Prabasaj Paul, Anne Marie France, Yutaka Aoki, Dhwani Batra, Matthew Biggerstaff , et al. · 2021

SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is constantly mutating, leading to new variants (1). Variants have the potential to affect transmission, disease severity, diagnostics, therapeutics, and natural and vaccine-induced immunity. In …

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