D. H. Boteler
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View article: A Canadian perspective on the May 2024 space weather event
A Canadian perspective on the May 2024 space weather event Open
The May 2024 space weather disturbance is the latest (as of the time of writing) in a series of space weather events going back to 1859 that have documented impacts on critical infrastructure and technologies. Impacts on these systems rang…
View article: Earth’s geomagnetic environment—progress and gaps in understanding, prediction, and impacts
Earth’s geomagnetic environment—progress and gaps in understanding, prediction, and impacts Open
Understanding of Earth's geomagnetic environment is critical to mitigating the space weather impacts caused by disruptive geoelectric fields in power lines and other conductors on Earth's surface. These impacts are the result of a chain of…
View article: An Examination of Geomagnetic Induction in Submarine Cables
An Examination of Geomagnetic Induction in Submarine Cables Open
Submarine cables have experienced problems during extreme geomagnetic disturbances because of geomagnetically induced voltages adding or subtracting from the power feed to the repeaters. This is still a concern for modern fiber‐optic cable…
View article: Modelling electrified railway signalling misoperations during extreme space weather events in the UK
Modelling electrified railway signalling misoperations during extreme space weather events in the UK Open
Space weather has the potential to impact ground-based technologies on Earth, affecting many systems including railway signalling. This study uses a recently developed model to analyse the impact of geomagnetically induced currents on rail…
View article: Modeling “Wrong Side” Failures Caused by Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the UK
Modeling “Wrong Side” Failures Caused by Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the UK Open
The majority of studies into space weather impacts on ground‐based systems focus on power supply networks and oil and gas pipelines. The effects on railway signaling infrastructure remain a sparsely covered aspect even though these systems…
View article: Modeling “Wrong Side” Failures Caused by Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the UK
Modeling “Wrong Side” Failures Caused by Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the UK Open
The majority of studies into space weather impacts on ground-based systems focus on power supply networks and gas and oil pipelines. The effects on railway infrastructure remain a sparsely covered aspect even though these system are known …
View article: Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the United Kingdom
Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signaling Systems in the United Kingdom Open
Studies of space weather impacts on ground‐based infrastructure have been largely focused on power networks and pipelines, but railway signaling systems are also affected, with misoperations observed in several countries. This paper advanc…
View article: Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signalling Systems in the United Kingdom
Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signalling Systems in the United Kingdom Open
Studies of space weather impacts on ground-based infrastructure have largely focused on power networks and pipelines, but railway signalling systems are also affected, with misoperations observed in several countries. This paper advan…
View article: Transmission Line Modelling of Geomagnetic Induction in the Ocean/Earth Conductivity Structure
Transmission Line Modelling of Geomagnetic Induction in the Ocean/Earth Conductivity Structure Open
During geomagnetic disturbances, electric fields induced in the Earth and in power systems, pipelines and submarine cables can interfere with the operation of these systems. Calculations for submarine cables are complicated by the need to …
View article: Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signalling Systems in the United Kingdom
Modeling the Impact of Geomagnetically Induced Currents on Electrified Railway Signalling Systems in the United Kingdom Open
A model has been set up to examine geomagnetic effects on DC signalling systems on AC-electrified railways• Signal misoperations occurred in both modelled UK railway lines when electric fields expected to arise once every 30 years were app…
View article: Modeling geomagnetic induction in submarine cables
Modeling geomagnetic induction in submarine cables Open
Submarine cables have become a vital component of modern infrastructure, but past submarine cable natural hazard studies have mostly focused on potential cable damage from landslides and tsunamis. A handful of studies examine the possibili…
View article: The Lehtinen–Pirjola method modified for efficient modelling of geomagnetically induced currents in multiple voltage levels of a power network
The Lehtinen–Pirjola method modified for efficient modelling of geomagnetically induced currents in multiple voltage levels of a power network Open
The need for accurate assessment of the geomagnetic hazard to power systems is driving a requirement to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in multiple voltage levels of a power network. The Lehtinen–Pirjola method for modelling G…
View article: Occurrence rate and duration of space weather impacts on high-frequency radio communication used by aviation
Occurrence rate and duration of space weather impacts on high-frequency radio communication used by aviation Open
High frequency (HF) radio wave propagation is sensitive to space weather-induced ionospheric disturbances that result from enhanced photoionization and energetic particle precipitation. Recognizing the potential risk to HF radio communicat…
View article: The Lehtinen-Pirjola Method Modified for Efficient Modelling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Multiple Voltage Levels of a Power Network
The Lehtinen-Pirjola Method Modified for Efficient Modelling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Multiple Voltage Levels of a Power Network Open
The need for accurate assessment of the geomagnetic hazard to power systems is driving a requirement to model geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in multiple voltage levels of a power network. The Lehtinen-Pirjola method for modelling G…
View article: Superposed Epoch Analysis of Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada
Superposed Epoch Analysis of Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada Open
Rapid changes of magnetic fields associated with nighttime magnetic perturbation events (MPEs) with amplitudes |ΔB| of hundreds of nT and 5–10 min duration can induce geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) that can harm technological syst…
View article: Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 3. Occurrence and Amplitude as Functions of Magnetic Latitude, Local Time, and Magnetic Disturbance Indices
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 3. Occurrence and Amplitude as Functions of Magnetic Latitude, Local Time, and Magnetic Disturbance Indices Open
Rapid changes of magnetic fields associated with nighttime magnetic perturbation events (MPEs) with amplitudes |Δ B | of hundreds of nT and 5–10 min duration can induce geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) that can harm technological sy…
View article: Modeling Geomagnetic Interference on Railway Signaling Track Circuits
Modeling Geomagnetic Interference on Railway Signaling Track Circuits Open
Misoperation of railway signaling during geomagnetic disturbances has occurred in a number of countries. Railway signals are activated by track circuits that detect the presence of a train in a particular rail section, but geomagnetically …
View article: Interhemispheric Comparisons of Large Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Relevant to GICs
Interhemispheric Comparisons of Large Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Relevant to GICs Open
Nearly all studies of impulsive magnetic perturbation events (MPEs) with large magnetic field variability (d B /d t ) that can produce dangerous geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) have used data from the Northern Hemisphere. Here we p…
View article: Principles Of Heliophysics: a textbook on the universal processes behind planetary habitability
Principles Of Heliophysics: a textbook on the universal processes behind planetary habitability Open
Heliophysics is the system science of the physical connections between the Sun and the solar system. As the physics of the local cosmos, it embraces space weather and planetary habitability. The wider view of comparative heliophysics forms…
View article: A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm
A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm Open
On 13 March 1989, the largest magnetic storm of the last century caused widespread effects on power systems including a blackout of the Hydro‐Québec system. Since then this event has become the archetypal disturbance for examining the geom…
View article: Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 2. Multiple‐Instrument Observations
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 2. Multiple‐Instrument Observations Open
The rapid changes of magnetic fields associated with nighttime magnetic perturbations with amplitudes |Δ B | of hundreds of nanoteslas and 5‐ to 10‐min periods can induce bursts of geomagnetically induced currents that can harm technologic…
View article: Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 1. Survey and Statistical Analysis
Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Arctic Canada: 1. Survey and Statistical Analysis Open
The rapid changes of magnetic fields associated with large, isolated magnetic perturbations with amplitudes |Δ B | of hundreds of nanotesla and 5‐ to 10‐min periods can induce bursts of geomagnetically induced currents that can harm techno…
View article: Numerical Calculation of Geoelectric Fields That Affect Critical Infrastructure
Numerical Calculation of Geoelectric Fields That Affect Critical Infrastructure Open
One of the modern applications of geomagnetism is determining the effect of geomagnetic disturbances on critical infrastructure such as power systems and pipelines. Assessing the geomagnetic hazard to such systems requires calculation of t…
View article: Analytic Calculation of Geoelectric Fields Due to Geomagnetic Disturbances: A Test Case
Analytic Calculation of Geoelectric Fields Due to Geomagnetic Disturbances: A Test Case Open
Geomagnetic field variations produce geoelectric fields that can affect the operation of technological networks at the Earth's surface, including power systems, pipelines, phone cables and railway circuits. To assess the geomagnetic hazard…
View article: Examining the Potential of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network for Monitoring the Space Weather Impact of Solar X‐Ray Flares
Examining the Potential of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network for Monitoring the Space Weather Impact of Solar X‐Ray Flares Open
Increased electron density in the ionosphere due to photoionization by radiation emitted during a solar X‐ray flare impacts high‐frequency (HF) radio wave propagation. Shortwave fadeout (SWF) due to the enhanced D region absorption that re…
View article: Transformer‐Level Modeling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in New Zealand's South Island
Transformer‐Level Modeling of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in New Zealand's South Island Open
During space weather events, geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can be induced in high‐voltage transmission networks, damaging individual transformers within substations. A common approach to modeling a transmission network has been t…
View article: Truncation of the Earth Impulse Responses Relating Geoelectric Fields and Geomagnetic Field Variations
Truncation of the Earth Impulse Responses Relating Geoelectric Fields and Geomagnetic Field Variations Open
To assess the geomagnetic hazard to power systems, it is necessary to model the Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) produced during space weather storms.This requires knowledge of the geoelectric fields that drive GIC.In the time domain…
View article: Developments in HF propagation predictions to support communications with aircraft on trans-polar routes
Developments in HF propagation predictions to support communications with aircraft on trans-polar routes Open
Commercial airlines began operations over polar routes in 1999 with a small number of proving flights. By 2014 the number had increased to in excess of 12,000 flights per year, and further increases are expected. For safe operations, the a…
View article: Geomagnetically induced currents: Science, engineering, and applications readiness
Geomagnetically induced currents: Science, engineering, and applications readiness Open
This paper is the primary deliverable of the very first NASA Living With a Star Institute Working Group, Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) Working Group. The paper provides a broad overview of the current status and future challenges …
View article: Progress towards a propagation prediction service for HF communications with aircraft on trans-polar routes
Progress towards a propagation prediction service for HF communications with aircraft on trans-polar routes Open
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