David A. Berntsen
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View article: IMI—Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025
IMI—Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025 Open
Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publica…
View article: Frequency of retinal findings after 8 years in the Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids (<scp>BLINK</scp>) Study
Frequency of retinal findings after 8 years in the Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids (<span>BLINK</span>) Study Open
Purpose The purpose of the study is to report the frequency of retinal findings in myopic children and determine the association with the amount of myopia or axial length. Design The BLINK study was a myopia control, multi‐centre randomise…
View article: Three-Year Change in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Area With Multifocal Contact Lens Wear in the Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study
Three-Year Change in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Area With Multifocal Contact Lens Wear in the Bifocal Lenses in Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study Open
The choroid increased in subfoveal thickness and area after 2 weeks of +2.50 D MFCL wear, which was maintained for 3 years and was associated with slower axial elongation. However, only a portion of the treatment effect can be accounted fo…
View article: Intraocular Straylight and Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Fit With a Myopia Control Approach
Intraocular Straylight and Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Fit With a Myopia Control Approach Open
Objectives: Center-distance multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) are used to slow myopia progression. We examined the effect of two MFCLs on intraocular straylight values in myopic individuals. Methods: Twenty-five young myopic adults were en…
View article: Peripheral Defocus, Pupil Size, and Axial Eye Growth in Children Wearing Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses in the BLINK Study
Peripheral Defocus, Pupil Size, and Axial Eye Growth in Children Wearing Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses in the BLINK Study Open
The optical signal causing slower axial elongation with +2.50 MFCLs is better explained by the lens type worn than by peripheral defocus. The signal might be something other than peripheral defocus, or there is not a linear dose-response r…
View article: Quality of life after wearing multifocal contact lenses for myopia control for 2 weeks in the <scp>BLINK</scp> Study
Quality of life after wearing multifocal contact lenses for myopia control for 2 weeks in the <span>BLINK</span> Study Open
Purpose To validate Pediatric Refractive Error Profile 2 (PREP2) subscales that can be used to evaluate contact lens wearers and compare vision‐specific quality of life measurements between children wearing multifocal and single vision con…
View article: Accommodation in Children after 4.7 Years of Multifocal Contact Lens Wear in the BLINK Study Randomized Clinical Trial
Accommodation in Children after 4.7 Years of Multifocal Contact Lens Wear in the BLINK Study Randomized Clinical Trial Open
SIGNIFICANCE When worn for myopia control in children, soft multifocal contact lenses with a +2.50 D add reduced the accommodative response over a 3-year period, but wearing them for more than 4 years did not affect accommodative amplitude…
View article: IMI 2023 Digest
IMI 2023 Digest Open
Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing a better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, the International Myopia Institute (IMI) assembled and published a se…
View article: The Effect of Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Wear on Axial and Peripheral Eye Elongation in the BLINK Study
The Effect of Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Wear on Axial and Peripheral Eye Elongation in the BLINK Study Open
Wearing +2.50 D addition multifocal contact lenses neutralized or reversed the increase in retinal steepness with single vision lenses. The mismatch between greater inhibition of elongation at the fovea than peripherally despite greater pe…
View article: Peripheral Refraction With Toric Orthokeratology and Soft Toric Multifocal Contact Lenses in Myopic Astigmatic Eyes
Peripheral Refraction With Toric Orthokeratology and Soft Toric Multifocal Contact Lenses in Myopic Astigmatic Eyes Open
Greater amounts of peripheral myopic defocus and J0 astigmatism were induced by TOK compared to STM, which may influence efficacy for myopia management.
View article: Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children
Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children Open
SIGNIFICANCE Children are being fitted at younger ages with soft contact lenses for myopia control. This 3-year investigation of adverse events related to contact lens wear in 7- to 11-year-old participants helps optometrists understand wh…
View article: Authors' Response
Authors' Response Open
Gregory, Hannah R. OD, MS; Nti, Augustine N. OD; Wolffsohn, James S. FCOptom, PhD, FAAO; Berntsen, David A. OD, PhD, FAAO; Ritchey, Eric R. OD, PhD, FAAO Author Information
View article: The Effects of Center-near and Center-distance Multifocal Contact Lenses on Peripheral Defocus and Visual Acuity
The Effects of Center-near and Center-distance Multifocal Contact Lenses on Peripheral Defocus and Visual Acuity Open
SIGNIFICANCE Multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) are being used clinically for myopia control. Center-distance designs caused myopic changes in defocus across the retina that varied by lens design, whereas the center-near design caused perip…
View article: Pediatric Refractive Error Profile 2 (PREP2) Validation Study
Pediatric Refractive Error Profile 2 (PREP2) Validation Study Open
View article: Peripheral Defocus and Axial Eye Growth in the Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study
Peripheral Defocus and Axial Eye Growth in the Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study Open
View article: IMI 2021 Yearly Digest
IMI 2021 Yearly Digest Open
Large amounts of research in myopia have been published since the IMI 2019 white papers were released. The yearly digest serves to highlight the latest research and advances in myopia.
View article: Visual Performance of Center-distance Multifocal Contact Lenses Fit Using a Myopia Control Paradigm
Visual Performance of Center-distance Multifocal Contact Lenses Fit Using a Myopia Control Paradigm Open
SIGNIFICANCE With multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) used for myopia control, questions remain regarding visual performance. Information from nonpresbyopic patients provides insight into how MFCLs affect visual acuity and reading performanc…
View article: Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children
Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children Open
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02255474.
View article: Power profiles of center-distance multifocal soft contact lenses
Power profiles of center-distance multifocal soft contact lenses Open
View article: Spherical aberration in center-distance multifocal soft contact lenses as a function of power and pupil size
Spherical aberration in center-distance multifocal soft contact lenses as a function of power and pupil size Open
View article: Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Children in the BLINK Study
Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Children in the BLINK Study Open
View article: Peripheral Refraction and Eye Lengths in Myopic Children in the Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study
Peripheral Refraction and Eye Lengths in Myopic Children in the Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) Study Open
Local retinal control of ocular growth has been demonstrated numerous times in animal experimental myopia models but has not been explored in detail in human myopia development. These BLINK baseline results suggest that children's native p…
View article: IMI – Clinical Myopia Control Trials and Instrumentation Report
IMI – Clinical Myopia Control Trials and Instrumentation Report Open
The evidence-basis based on existing myopia control trials along with the supporting academic literature were reviewed; this informed recommendations on the outcomes suggested from clinical trials aimed at slowing myopia progression to sho…
View article: A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Toric Versus Spherical Contact Lenses on Vision and Eyestrain
A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Toric Versus Spherical Contact Lenses on Vision and Eyestrain Open
Objectives: To compare the effect of toric versus spherical soft contact lenses on objective measures of visual performance using visual acuity and electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Methods: Current soft contact lens wearer…
View article: Retinal image quality after orthokeratology
Retinal image quality after orthokeratology Open
View article: Visual Acuity and Over-refraction in Myopic Children Fitted with Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses
Visual Acuity and Over-refraction in Myopic Children Fitted with Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses Open
SIGNIFICANCE Practitioners fitting contact lenses for myopia control frequently question whether a myopic child can achieve good vision with a high-add multifocal. We demonstrate that visual acuity is not different than spectacles with a c…
View article: Efficacy of Toric Contact Lenses in Fitting and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Contact Lens Wearers
Efficacy of Toric Contact Lenses in Fitting and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Contact Lens Wearers Open
Objectives: To assess whether patient-reported measures are improved with soft toric contact lenses (TCLs) compared with soft spherical contact lenses (SCLs) and whether clinical time needed to fit TCL is greater than SCL. Methods: Habitua…
View article: A Randomized Trial of Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses for Myopia Control: Baseline Data and Methods
A Randomized Trial of Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses for Myopia Control: Baseline Data and Methods Open
SIGNIFICANCE The Bifocal Lenses In Nearsighted Kids (BLINK) study is the first soft multifocal contact lens myopia control study to compare add powers and measure peripheral refractive error in the vertical meridian, so it will provide imp…
View article: Aberrometry Repeatability and Agreement with Autorefraction
Aberrometry Repeatability and Agreement with Autorefraction Open
SIGNIFICANCE Commercially available aberrometers are essential to clinical studies evaluating refractive error and image quality. The Discovery System (Innovative Visual Systems, Elmhurst, IL) is a promising clinical instrument that allows…
View article: Recruitment Costs for a Randomized Clinical Trial
Recruitment Costs for a Randomized Clinical Trial Open