Driven by boosting demands for sustainable energy, highly conductive hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs) are urgently required in electrochemical conversion devices. The hydrogen bonds shorter than 2.5 angstrom are expected to accelerate the ion transport. However, short hydrogen bonds (SHBs) can hardly form naturally because of the electron-withdrawing capability of O atom, which impedes its applications in water-mediated ion transport. This work develops an interlayer confinement strategy to construct SHB networ…

Abstract Powering the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 ⁻RR) by renewable energy is a sustainable way to restore the environment and produce nitrogen–hydrogen compounds. However, the process requires multiple electron transfers and complex reaction paths, making it essential to understand the reaction mechanisms at the molecular level. In this regard, 2D materials attract significant interest due to their large surface area, tunable electronic structures, and suitability as model catalysts for study…

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) has emerged as a prevalent digestive disorder that significantly affects the overall health of ruminants, with notable links to various inflammatory diseases. Throughout the progression of SARA, elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the rumen play a crucial role in initiating the innate immune response. In this review, we evaluate the recent insights into the pathways associated with SARA-induced inflammatory responses, with a specific focus on LPS. It is important to recogni…

The incidence of Gastric cancer (GC) has shown a sharp upward trend, and patients with GC complicated by diabetes exhibit significantly worse clinical outcomes and prognosis compared to those without diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine has played a crucial role in the treatment of both GC and diabetes. Currently, Banzhilian(Scutellaria barbata D. Don) is utilized in the treatment of GC; however, the specific small-molecule monomers it contains and their mechanisms of action have not yet been fully elucidated. T…