Richard E. Mayer
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View article: Systematically Reviewing the Rigour of Immersive Virtual Reality Research in <scp>STEM</scp> Education: A Deep Dive Into Threats to Internal Validity
Systematically Reviewing the Rigour of Immersive Virtual Reality Research in <span>STEM</span> Education: A Deep Dive Into Threats to Internal Validity Open
Background There have been many initiatives focused on implementing IVR in the classroom to either replace or supplement conventional instruction. The efficacy of these initiatives is often informed by IVR media comparison studies that exa…
View article: Improving Multimedia Learning With Emotional Design: Depicting Key Elements With Positive Features
Improving Multimedia Learning With Emotional Design: Depicting Key Elements With Positive Features Open
Introduction While prior research has delved into the emotional aspects of instructional design, it has not extensively examined whether integrating affective features specifically relevant to the theme of the learning materials is essenti…
View article: Effects of Feedback Providers' Positive Emotional Tone and Gender on Learning From a Multimedia Lesson
Effects of Feedback Providers' Positive Emotional Tone and Gender on Learning From a Multimedia Lesson Open
Background and Objective The positivity principle states that students learn better from instructors who display positive rather than negative or neutral emotions in multimedia lessons (Lawson et al. 2021a). This study extends this work by…
View article: Maximizing the benefits of student-generated drawing for real-world problem solving
Maximizing the benefits of student-generated drawing for real-world problem solving Open
View article: Incorporating a Generative Learning Activity During Learning a Procedural Skill in Immersive Virtual Reality
Incorporating a Generative Learning Activity During Learning a Procedural Skill in Immersive Virtual Reality Open
This study examined whether answering focused explanative questions during pauses in an immersive virtual reality (IVR) lesson on pipetting procedures could enhance learning. The goal was to take a generative learning activity, known to be…
View article: Role of Race and Gender of Pedagogical Agents in Multimedia Learning
Role of Race and Gender of Pedagogical Agents in Multimedia Learning Open
Do students learn from video lessons presented by pedagogical agents of different racial and gender types equivalently to those delivered by a real human instructor? How do the race and gender of these agents impact students’ learning expe…
View article: Implementing Pretraining to Optimise Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality
Implementing Pretraining to Optimise Learning in Immersive Virtual Reality Open
Background In recent years, immersive virtual reality in education has garnered attention, however, there have been mixed findings on the efficacy of IVR in education. Thus, exploring which strategies are effective in transferring learning…
View article: Advances in research on learning in immersive virtual reality.
Advances in research on learning in immersive virtual reality. Open
View article: Does Embodiment in Virtual Reality Boost Learning Transfer? Testing an Immersion-Interactivity Framework
Does Embodiment in Virtual Reality Boost Learning Transfer? Testing an Immersion-Interactivity Framework Open
This study investigates the role of embodiment when learning a technical procedure in immersive virtual reality (VR) by introducing a framework based on immersion and interactivity. The goal is to determine how increasing the levels of imm…
View article: Generative learning activities for online multimedia learning: when summarizing is effective but drawing is not
Generative learning activities for online multimedia learning: when summarizing is effective but drawing is not Open
Introduction The goal of this study is to determine whether two commonly used generative learning activities for text-based lessons—writing a summary or creating a drawing—help students learn from a multimedia lesson involving animations w…
View article: Confounded or Controlled? A Systematic Review of Media Comparison Studies Involving Immersive Virtual Reality for STEM Education
Confounded or Controlled? A Systematic Review of Media Comparison Studies Involving Immersive Virtual Reality for STEM Education Open
A substantial amount of media comparison research has been conducted in the last decade to investigate whether students learn Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) content better in immersive virtual reality (IVR) or mor…
View article: Onscreen presence of instructors in video lectures affects learners’ neural synchrony and visual attention during multimedia learning
Onscreen presence of instructors in video lectures affects learners’ neural synchrony and visual attention during multimedia learning Open
COVID-19 forced students to rely on online learning using multimedia tools, and multimedia learning continues to impact education beyond the pandemic. In this study, we combined behavioral, eye-tracking, and neuroimaging paradigms to ident…
View article: The Past, Present, and Future of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning
The Past, Present, and Future of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning Open
The cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2021, 2022), which seeks to explain how people learn academic material from words and graphics, has developed over the past four decades. Although the name and graphical representation of…
View article: Individual differences in executive function affect learning with immersive virtual reality
Individual differences in executive function affect learning with immersive virtual reality Open
Background Immersive virtual reality (IVR) is a new technology that could motivate learners, but also could contain distracting elements that increase cognitive demands on learners. In contrast, learning with conventional media, such as a …
View article: Improving learning from screens for toddlers and preschoolers.
Improving learning from screens for toddlers and preschoolers. Open
View article: Collaborative generative learning activities in immersive virtual reality increase learning
Collaborative generative learning activities in immersive virtual reality increase learning Open
Learning in immersive virtual reality (VR) can be highly motivating, but the perceptual richness and activity can distract students from the core instructional message. Generative learning activities may mitigate some of the limitations of…
View article: Effects of Body Type and Voice Pitch on Perceived Audio-Visual Correspondence and Believability of Virtual Characters
Effects of Body Type and Voice Pitch on Perceived Audio-Visual Correspondence and Believability of Virtual Characters Open
We examined the effects of virtual characters' body type and voice pitch on perceived audio-visual correspondence and believability. For our within-group study (N = 72), we developed nine experimental conditions using a 3 (body type: ectom…
View article: Effects of action video game play on cognitive skills: A meta-analysis.
Effects of action video game play on cognitive skills: A meta-analysis. Open
The possibility that playing action video games is associated with enhancements in certain aspects of cognitive function has attracted significant interest from researchers in education, psychology, and neuroscience. Previous meta-analyses…
View article: Supplemental Material for Effects of Action Video Game Play onCognitive Skills: A Meta-Analysis
Supplemental Material for Effects of Action Video Game Play onCognitive Skills: A Meta-Analysis Open
The possibility that playing action video games is associated with enhancements in certain aspects of cognitive function has attracted significant interest from researchers in education, psychology, and neuroscience.Previous meta-analyses …
View article: Learning Cognitive Skills by Playing Video Games at Home: Testing the Specific Transfer of General Skills Theory
Learning Cognitive Skills by Playing Video Games at Home: Testing the Specific Transfer of General Skills Theory Open
Can people learn cognitive skills by playing video games at home? In the present study, college students took a pretest consisting of four cognitive tasks and 2 weeks later took a posttest consisting of the same four tasks (i.e., n-back an…
View article: Does the emotional stance of human and virtual instructors in instructional videos affect learning processes and outcomes?
Does the emotional stance of human and virtual instructors in instructional videos affect learning processes and outcomes? Open
This study investigates the positivity principle – the idea that people respond more positively and learn better from an instructor who displays positive emotion than from an instructor who displays negative emotion – and the equivalence h…
View article: Benefits of Taking a Virtual Field Trip in Immersive Virtual Reality: Evidence for the Immersion Principle in Multimedia Learning
Benefits of Taking a Virtual Field Trip in Immersive Virtual Reality: Evidence for the Immersion Principle in Multimedia Learning Open
View article: The Future of Multimedia
The Future of Multimedia Open
View article: The Future of Multimedia Learning
The Future of Multimedia Learning Open
View article: The positivity principle: do positive instructors improve learning from video lectures?
The positivity principle: do positive instructors improve learning from video lectures? Open
The positivity principle states that people learn better from instructors who display positive emotions rather than negative emotions. In two experiments, students viewed a short video lecture on a statistics topic in which an instructor s…
View article: The Power of Voice to Convey Emotion in Multimedia Instructional Messages
The Power of Voice to Convey Emotion in Multimedia Instructional Messages Open
This study examines an aspect of the role of emotion in multimedia learning, i.e., whether participants can recognize the instructor’s positive or negative emotion based on hearing short clips involving only the instructor’s voice just as …
View article: Staying forever curious in a world of ideas
Staying forever curious in a world of ideas Open
I certainly entered academic life with an underdeveloped and naïve view of what was to come. In this essay I have tried to give my younger self 10 nuggets of acquired wisdom for how to live an academic life based on what I have learned sin…
View article: Playing a Video Game and Learning to Think: What’s the Connection?
Playing a Video Game and Learning to Think: What’s the Connection? Open
The present study examines whether playing a video game can help improve cognitive skills needed for successful performance on cognitive tasks, such as updating , which involves continuous monitoring of incoming information that results in…
View article: Benefits of Writing an Explanation During Pauses in Multimedia Lessons
Benefits of Writing an Explanation During Pauses in Multimedia Lessons Open
View article: Learning with human and virtual instructors who display happy or bored emotions in video lectures
Learning with human and virtual instructors who display happy or bored emotions in video lectures Open