E. R. Westwater
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View article: Ground-based millimeter and submillimeter-wave radiometry for the observation of the Arctic atmosphere
Ground-based millimeter and submillimeter-wave radiometry for the observation of the Arctic atmosphere Open
Microwave radiometers working at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths show enhanced sensitivity to low contents of water vapor and cloud liquid in the atmosphere with respect to conventional radiometers working at centimeter wavelength…
View article: Analysis of Radiosonde and Ground-Based Remotely Sensed PWV Data from the 2004 North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment
Analysis of Radiosonde and Ground-Based Remotely Sensed PWV Data from the 2004 North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment Open
During 9 March–9 April 2004, the North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment was conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program’s (ARM) “Great White” field site near Barrow, Alaska. The major goals of the experim…
View article: Measurement of Low Amounts of Precipitable Water Vapor Using Ground-Based Millimeterwave Radiometry
Measurement of Low Amounts of Precipitable Water Vapor Using Ground-Based Millimeterwave Radiometry Open
Extremely dry conditions characterized by amounts of precipitable water vapor (PWV) as low as 1–2 mm commonly occur in high-latitude regions during the winter months. While such dry atmospheres carry only a few percent of the latent heat e…
View article: Microwave and Millimeter Wave Forward Modeling Results from the 2004 North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Forward Modeling Results from the 2004 North Slope of Alaska Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment Open
The 2004 Arctic Winter Radiometric Experiment was conducted at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program field site near Barrow, Alaska from March 9 to April 9, 2004. The goals of the experiment were: …
View article: PROGRESS REPORT OF FY 2004 ACTIVITIES: IMPROVED WATER VAPOR AND CLOUD RETRIEVALS AT THE NSA/AAO
PROGRESS REPORT OF FY 2004 ACTIVITIES: IMPROVED WATER VAPOR AND CLOUD RETRIEVALS AT THE NSA/AAO Open
The basic goals of the research are to develop and test algorithms and deploy instruments that improve measurements of water vapor, cloud liquid, and cloud coverage, with a focus on the Arctic conditions of cold temperatures and low concen…
View article: A review of surface-based microwave and millimeter-wave radiometric remote sensing of the troposphere
A review of surface-based microwave and millimeter-wave radiometric remote sensing of the troposphere Open
Surface-based radiometric sensing of tropospheric parameters has a long history of providing useful measurements of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid. In this review, a general overview of physical fundamentals, measurement techni…
View article: Air temperature profile and air/sea temperature difference measurements by infrared and microwave scanning radiometers
Air temperature profile and air/sea temperature difference measurements by infrared and microwave scanning radiometers Open
A system of two scanning radiometers has been developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Environmental Technology Laboratory and deployed on the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown during the Nauru99 cruise in the tropical weste…
View article: The Arm Program's Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods
The Arm Program's Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods Open
A series of water vapor intensive observation periods (WVIOPs) were conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site in Oklahoma between 1996 and 2000. The goals of these WVIOPs are to characterize the accuracy of the operatio…
View article: Comparison of water vapor measurements by microwave radiometers and Raman lidar
Comparison of water vapor measurements by microwave radiometers and Raman lidar Open
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View article: Analysis of integrated cloud liquid and precipitable water vapor retrievals from microwave radiometers during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project
Analysis of integrated cloud liquid and precipitable water vapor retrievals from microwave radiometers during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project Open
We investigated a variety of factors that influence the determination of precipitable water vapor ( V ) and integrated cloud liquid ( L ) by dual‐channel microwave radiometers (MWRs). These factors include radiometric calibration; dry, wat…
View article: A robust retrieval of water vapor column in dry Arctic conditions using the rotating shadowband spectroradiometer
A robust retrieval of water vapor column in dry Arctic conditions using the rotating shadowband spectroradiometer Open
A method to retrieve water vapor column using the 940‐nm water vapor absorption band in dry Arctic conditions is presented. The retrievals with this method are stable with respect to uncertainties in instrument radiometric calibration, air…
View article: Microwave polarimetric measurements of the sea surface brightness temperature from a blimp during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment (COPE)
Microwave polarimetric measurements of the sea surface brightness temperature from a blimp during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment (COPE) Open
Experimental data obtained with a microwave dual‐frequency radiometer at 23.87 and 31.65 GHz and a polarimeter at 37.0 GHz installed on a blimp during the Coastal Ocean Probing Experiment in 1995 are analyzed. Observations of the downwelli…
View article: Statistical Retrieval of Humidity Profiles from Precipitable Water Vapor and Surface Measurements of Humidity and Temperature
Statistical Retrieval of Humidity Profiles from Precipitable Water Vapor and Surface Measurements of Humidity and Temperature Open
A new method is presented of statistical retrieval of humidity profiles based on measurements of surface temperature ξ1, surface dewpoint ξ2, and integrated water vapor ξ3. In this method the retrieved values of humidity depend nonlinearly…
View article: Quality Control of Ground-Based Radiometric Observations of Integrated Moisture Using Surface Meteorological Observations
Quality Control of Ground-Based Radiometric Observations of Integrated Moisture Using Surface Meteorological Observations Open
A method of quality control is presented for ground-based, dual-channel microwave measurements of integrated moisture. Such a method is necessary to eliminate spurious data arising from calibration uncertainties, electronic fluctuations, a…
View article: Assimilation of Precipitable Water Measurements into a Mesoscale Numerical Model
Assimilation of Precipitable Water Measurements into a Mesoscale Numerical Model Open
Significant progress has been made over the past decade in the development of remote-sensing instruments to profile wind and temperature. However, the current technology of profiling water vapor remotely is still far from perfect. Although…
View article: An Evaluation of Wind Profiler, RASS, and Microwave Radiometer Performance
An Evaluation of Wind Profiler, RASS, and Microwave Radiometer Performance Open
Several ground-based remote sensors were operated together in Colorado during February and March 1991 to obtain continuous profiles of the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Instrument performance is compared for five…
View article: Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP)
Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP) Open
Field studies in support of the Winter Icing and Storms Project (WISP) were conducted in the Colorado Front Range area from 1 February to 31 March 1990 (WISP90) and from 15 January to 5 April 1991 (WISP91). The main goals of the project ar…
View article: GAPEX: A Ground-Based Atmospheric Profiling Experiment
GAPEX: A Ground-Based Atmospheric Profiling Experiment Open
During the week 29 October–4 November 1988, a Ground-based Atmospheric Profiling Experiment (GAPEX) was conducted at Denver Stapleton International Airport. The objective of GAPEX was to acquire and analyze atomspheric-temperature and mois…
View article: Radiometric observations at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz: Continuing studies
Radiometric observations at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz: Continuing studies Open
Ground based radiometer measurements at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz were analyzed to provide attenuation statistics, thus extending the data base of previous NAPEX studies. Using data from colocated radiosondes, comparisons of measurements a…
View article: Ground-based radiometric observations of emission and attenuation at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz
Ground-based radiometric observations of emission and attenuation at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz Open
During 1987, ground-based zenith-viewing observations of atmospheric thermal emission were made at frequencies of 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz. At the locations of the experiments, San Nicolas Island, California, and Denver, Colorado, radioso…
View article: Determination of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles from a Statistical Combination of Ground-Based Profiler and Operational NOAA 6/7 Satellite Retrievals
Determination of Atmospheric Temperature Profiles from a Statistical Combination of Ground-Based Profiler and Operational NOAA 6/7 Satellite Retrievals Open
Radiometric soundings from the Wave Propagation Laboratory's ground-based Profiler, the NOAA 6/7 satellites, and the combination of the two, were compared in their ability to derive temperature and moisture profiles. Radiosonde data for th…
View article: An Automatic Profiler of the Temperature, Wind and Humidity in the Troposphere
An Automatic Profiler of the Temperature, Wind and Humidity in the Troposphere Open
A remote-sensing system for continuously profiling the troposphere is discussed; the prototype Profiler utilizes radio wavelengths, thereby achieving essentially all-weather operation. Designed for unattended operation, the Profiler employ…
View article: Experimental Evaluation of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometric Sensing of Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor Profiles
Experimental Evaluation of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometric Sensing of Atmospheric Temperature and Water Vapor Profiles Open
Profiles of atmospheric temperature and water vapor derived from ground-based microwave radiometric measurements are compared with concurrent rawinsonde profiles including both clear and cloudy cases. Accuracies of the temperature profiles…
View article: Experimental Determination of Temperature Profiles by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry
Experimental Determination of Temperature Profiles by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry Open
A one-week experiment was conducted to evaluate a dual-frequency microwave radiometer for recovering low altitude temperature profiles; the two-channel radiometer operated at 53.5 and 54.5 GHz. Meteorological support included radiosondes, …
View article: Ground-Based Determination of Low Altitude Temperature Profiles by Microwaves
Ground-Based Determination of Low Altitude Temperature Profiles by Microwaves Open
Vertical temperature profiles of the lower atmosphere are determined from clear air ground-based measurements of microwave thermal emission by oxygen. Angular emission data from two diverse meteorological locations are mathematically inver…
View article: Statistical Estimation of the Numerical Solution of a Fredholm Integral Equation of the First Kind
Statistical Estimation of the Numerical Solution of a Fredholm Integral Equation of the First Kind Open
A method for the numerical solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is derived and illustrated. The method employs an a priori constraint vector together with covariances of both the constraint vector and the measurement …