E. S. Cochran
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View article: Near-Fault Amplification and Ground-Motion Variability During the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Sequence
Near-Fault Amplification and Ground-Motion Variability During the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Sequence Open
We estimate ground-motion variability near the 2019 M 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Accurate seismic hazard estimation requires understanding ground-motion spatial correlations, yet many studies lack the dense station coverage needed…
View article: Potential for Continental Scientific Drilling to Inform Fault Mechanics and Earthquake Science
Potential for Continental Scientific Drilling to Inform Fault Mechanics and Earthquake Science Open
Our understanding of fault mechanics and earthquake processes remains limited, largely due to minimal direct observations near active faults at seismogenic depths. This lack of data restricts our ability to accurately assess and mitigate b…
View article: Earthquake stress-drop values delineate spatial variations in maximum shear stress in the Japanese forearc lithosphere
Earthquake stress-drop values delineate spatial variations in maximum shear stress in the Japanese forearc lithosphere Open
Earthquake stress drop (Δσ) may increase with depth and stress in the brittle lithosphere. However, the range of uncertainty in Δσ and the lack of constraints on absolute stress make it difficult to establish whether they are correlated. H…
View article: Refinements to the attenuated propagation of local earthquake shaking (APPLES) ground-motion-based earthquake early warning algorithm
Refinements to the attenuated propagation of local earthquake shaking (APPLES) ground-motion-based earthquake early warning algorithm Open
SUMMARY We refined the Attenuated ProPagation of Local Earthquake Shaking (APPLES) ground-motion-based earthquake early warning (EEW) approach, and directly compare APPLES performance with that of the source-characterization-based U.S. Sha…
View article: Mechanics and Statistics of Postseismic Shaking
Mechanics and Statistics of Postseismic Shaking Open
Analysis of 2 weeks of continuous post‐seismic shaking after the 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest, CA earthquake sequence using 4 nearby borehole seismometers reveals that continuous ground motions decay as Omori's law in time and follow the Gutenberg…
View article: A Scientific Vision and Roadmap for Earthquake Rupture Forecast Developments, A USGS Perspective
A Scientific Vision and Roadmap for Earthquake Rupture Forecast Developments, A USGS Perspective Open
We articulate a scientific vision and roadmap for the development of improved Earthquake Rupture Forecast (ERF) models, which are one of the two main modeling components used in modern seismic hazard and risk analysis. One primary future o…
View article: To Heal or Not to Heal?: 2. The Moment–Recurrence Time Behavior of Repeating Earthquakes in the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma Aftershock Sequence Is Consistent With Laboratory Healing Rates
To Heal or Not to Heal?: 2. The Moment–Recurrence Time Behavior of Repeating Earthquakes in the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma Aftershock Sequence Is Consistent With Laboratory Healing Rates Open
The timing and failure conditions of an earthquake are governed by the interplay between fault reloading and restrengthening. The moment‐recurrence time behavior of repeating earthquakes can give observational estimates of fault healing ra…
View article: Simulating human behavior under earthquake early warning
Simulating human behavior under earthquake early warning Open
Earthquakes are a rapid-onset hazard where advance planning and learning plays a key role in mitigating injuries and death to individuals. Recent advances in earthquake detection have resulted in the development of earthquake early warning…
View article: The 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake: A Retrospective Analysis
The 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake: A Retrospective Analysis Open
The 17 January 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake was a watershed event with far-reaching societal and scientific impacts. The earthquake, which occurred in the early days of both broadband seismic networks and the Internet, spurred a…
View article: GRAPES: Earthquake Early Warning by Passing Seismic Vectors Through the Grapevine
GRAPES: Earthquake Early Warning by Passing Seismic Vectors Through the Grapevine Open
Estimating an earthquake's magnitude and location may not be necessary to predict shaking in real time; instead, wavefield‐based approaches predict shaking with few assumptions about the seismic source. Here, we introduce GRAph Prediction …
View article: Cyclic Injection Leads to Larger and More Frequent Induced Earthquakes under Volume-Controlled Conditions
Cyclic Injection Leads to Larger and More Frequent Induced Earthquakes under Volume-Controlled Conditions Open
As carbon storage technologies advance globally, methods to understand and mitigate induced earthquakes become increasingly important. Although the physical processes that relate increased subsurface pore pressure changes to induced earthq…
View article: Modeling protective action decision-making in earthquakes by using explainable machine learning and video data
Modeling protective action decision-making in earthquakes by using explainable machine learning and video data Open
Earthquakes pose substantial threats to communities worldwide. Understanding how people respond to the fast-changing environment during earthquakes is crucial for reducing risks and saving lives. This study aims to study people’s protectiv…
View article: Incorporating Intensity Distance Attenuation Into PLUM Ground‐Motion‐Based Earthquake Early Warning in the United States: The APPLES Configuration
Incorporating Intensity Distance Attenuation Into PLUM Ground‐Motion‐Based Earthquake Early Warning in the United States: The APPLES Configuration Open
We develop Attenuated ProPagation of Local Earthquake Shaking (APPLES), a new configuration for the United States West Coast version of the Propagation of Local Undamped Motion (PLUM) earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithm that incorpora…
View article: Quantifying Site Effects and Their Influence on Earthquake Source Parameter Estimations Using a Dense Array in Oklahoma
Quantifying Site Effects and Their Influence on Earthquake Source Parameter Estimations Using a Dense Array in Oklahoma Open
We investigate the effects of site response on source parameter estimates using earthquakes recorded by the LArge‐n Seismic Survey in Oklahoma (LASSO). While it is well known that near‐surface unconsolidated sediments can cause an apparent…
View article: Refining Principal Stress Measurements in Reservoir Underburden in Regions of Induced Seismicity through Seismological Tools, Laboratory Experiments - Final Technical Report
Refining Principal Stress Measurements in Reservoir Underburden in Regions of Induced Seismicity through Seismological Tools, Laboratory Experiments - Final Technical Report Open
This project developed methodologies to measure the in-situ principal stress in the deep subsurface through use of multiple independent, but complementary, seismic methods, laboratory verification, and development of theoretical frameworks…
View article: Deciphering earthquake source observations to motivate questions for physics-based models of earthquake simulation
Deciphering earthquake source observations to motivate questions for physics-based models of earthquake simulation Open
Earthquake stress drop values estimated from ground-motion spectra commonly vary by several orders of magnitude, particularly for small earthquakes (~M < 3). Stress-drop values have been found to vary with faulting style, faulting type (in…
View article: Uncovering the Processes that Control Induced Earthquake Sequences
Uncovering the Processes that Control Induced Earthquake Sequences Open
Earthquake sequences induced by fluid disposal into the subsurface show strong variability in their magnitude distributions and clustering behavior. We attempt to untangle the processes that control the occurrence and evolution of disposal…
View article: Fault Roughness at Seismogenic Depths and Links to Earthquake Behavior
Fault Roughness at Seismogenic Depths and Links to Earthquake Behavior Open
Fault geometry affects the initiation, propagation, and cessation of earthquake rupture, as well as, potentially, the statistical behavior of earthquake sequences. We analyze 18,250 (−0.27 < M < 4.4) earthquakes of the 2016–2019 Cahu…
View article: The 2020 Westmorland, California Earthquake Swarm as Aftershocks of a Slow Slip Event Sustained by Fluid Flow
The 2020 Westmorland, California Earthquake Swarm as Aftershocks of a Slow Slip Event Sustained by Fluid Flow Open
Swarms are bursts of earthquakes without an obvious mainshock. Some have been observed to be associated with transient aseismic fault slip, while others are thought to be related to fluids. However, the association is rarely quantitative d…
View article: Stress Heterogeneity as a Driver of Aseismic Slip During the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma Aftershock Sequence
Stress Heterogeneity as a Driver of Aseismic Slip During the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma Aftershock Sequence Open
The interaction of aseismic and seismic slip before and after an earthquake is fundamental for both earthquake nucleation and postseismic stress relaxation. However, it can be difficult to determine where and when aseismic slip occurs with…
View article: What to expect when you are expecting earthquake early warning
What to expect when you are expecting earthquake early warning Open
SUMMARY We present a strategy for earthquake early warning (EEW) alerting that focuses on providing users with a target level of performance for their shaking level of interest (for example, ensuring that users receive warnings for at leas…
View article: Very Low Frequency Earthquakes in Between the Seismogenic and Tremor Zones in Cascadia?
Very Low Frequency Earthquakes in Between the Seismogenic and Tremor Zones in Cascadia? Open
Megathrust earthquakes and their associated tsunamis cause some of the worst natural disasters. In addition to earthquakes, a wide range of slip behaviors are present at subduction zones, including slow earthquakes that span multiple order…
View article: A unified perspective of seismicity and fault coupling along the San Andreas Fault
A unified perspective of seismicity and fault coupling along the San Andreas Fault Open
The San Andreas Fault (SAF) showcases the breadth of possible earthquake sizes and occurrence behavior; in particular, the central SAF is a microcosm of such diversity. This section also exhibits the spectrum of fault coupling from locked …
View article: Robust Earthquake Early Warning at a Fraction of the Cost: ASTUTI Costa Rica
Robust Earthquake Early Warning at a Fraction of the Cost: ASTUTI Costa Rica Open
We show that a fixed smartphone network can provide robust Earthquake Early Warning for at least two orders of magnitude less cost than scientific‐grade networks. Our software and cloud‐based data architecture that we have constructed for …
View article: The PLUM Earthquake Early Warning Algorithm: A Retrospective Case Study of West Coast, USA, Data
The PLUM Earthquake Early Warning Algorithm: A Retrospective Case Study of West Coast, USA, Data Open
The PLUM (Propagation of Local Undamped Motion) earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithm differs from typical source‐based EEW algorithms as it predicts shaking directly from observed shaking without first deriving earthquake source inform…
View article: Evidence for Latent Crustal Fluid Injection Transients in Southern California From Long‐Duration Earthquake Swarms
Evidence for Latent Crustal Fluid Injection Transients in Southern California From Long‐Duration Earthquake Swarms Open
Earthquake swarms are manifestations of aseismic driving processes deep in the crust. We examine the spatiotemporal distribution of aseismic processes in Southern California using a 12‐years catalog of swarms derived with deep learning alg…
View article: A Framework for Evaluating Earthquake Early Warning for an Infrastructure Network: An Idealized Case Study of a Northern California Rail System
A Framework for Evaluating Earthquake Early Warning for an Infrastructure Network: An Idealized Case Study of a Northern California Rail System Open
Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems provide a few to tens of seconds of warning before shaking hits a site. Despite the recent rapid developments of EEW systems around the world, the optimal alert response strategy and the practical ben…