Explanipedia

Experimental optimization of a multiple-reflection system for acoustic material property measurement Open

Suzi Liang, Rui Xu, Morgan Roberts, Ben Cox, Bradley E. Treeby , et al. · 2025

Knowledge of the acoustic properties of materials is critical for many applications of acoustics. Common methods for measuring acoustic material properties include the through transmission substitution-insertion method (SIM) and the multip…

Ultrasonic rewarming of cryopreserved alginate encapsulated liver spheroids Open

Rui Xu, Tom Brookshaw, Eloy Erro, Clare Selden, Eleanor Martin · 2025

ITRUSST consensus on biophysical safety for transcranial ultrasound stimulation Open

Jean‐François Aubry, David Attali, Mark E. Schafer, Elsa Fouragnan, Charles F. Caskey , et al. · 2025

Ultrasound system for precise neuromodulation of human deep brain circuits Open

Eleanor Martin, Morgan Roberts, Ioana Grigoras, Olivia Wright, Tulika Nandi , et al. · 2025

We introduce an advanced transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) system for precise deep brain neuromodulation, featuring a 256-element helmet-shaped transducer array (555 kHz), stereotactic positioning, individualised planning, and real…

Low-intensity focused ultrasound to human amygdala reveals a causal role in ambiguous emotion processing and alters local and network-level activity Open

Johannes Algermissen, Miruna Rascu, Lilian Weber, Tim den Boer, Eleanor Martin , et al. · 2025

The amygdala is a core region changed in depression, a disorder characterized by compromised emotion, motivation and learning processes. However, lesion studies in humans examining amygdala function have largely focused on its role in proc…

Acoustic holography for characterisation of sub-megahertz frequency medical ultrasound sources Open

Rui Xu, W. Zheng, Eleanor Martin · 2025

Ultrasonic sources operating in the 0.2–1 MHz range are employed in transcranial ultrasound applications to minimise skull-induced aberrations and absorption. Characterizing these acoustic sources is crucial to modelling in situ fields in …

Ultrasonic rewarming of cryopreserved alginate encapsulated liver spheroids Open

Rui Xu, Tom Brookshaw, Eloy Erro, Clare Selden, Eleanor Martin · 2025

Rapid volumetric rewarming methods are needed to enable the effective cryopreservation and recovery of large volumes of biological cells for therapy and banking of tissues and organs. Ultrasonic rewarming is currently under development, bu…

A practical guide to transcranial ultrasonic stimulation from the IFCN-endorsed ITRUSST consortium Open

Keith R. Murphy, Tulika Nandi, Benjamin R. Kop, Takahiro Osada, Maximilian Lueckel , et al. · 2025

Low-intensity Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation (TUS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique enabling cortical and deep brain targeting with unprecedented spatial accuracy. Given the high rate of adoption by new users with varying…

Ultrasound neuromodulation of the LGN leads to significant activity changes in the ipsilateral visual cortex of healthy humans Open

Ioana Grigoras, Eleanor Martin, Morgan Roberts, Olivia Wright, Tulika Nandi , et al. · 2025

Experimental Optimization of a Multiple-Reflection System for Acoustic Material Property Measurement Open

Liang Suzi, Rui Xu, Morgan Roberts, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2025

A comparative study of experimental and simulated ultrasound beam propagation through cranial bones Open

A. A. Krokhmal, Ian C. Simcock, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2024

Objective. Transcranial ultrasound is used in a variety of treatments, including neuromodulation, opening the blood–brain barrier, and high intensity focused ultrasound therapies. To ensure safety and efficacy of these treatments, numerica…

A Double-Blind Replication Attempt of Offline 5Hz-rTUS-Induced Corticospinal Excitability Open

Po‐Yu Fong, Benjamin R. Kop, Carys Evans, Vidya Gani Wijaya, Yongling Lin , et al. · 2024

Introduction Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is a promising new form of non-invasive neuromodulation. As a nascent technique, replication of its effects on brain function is important. Of particular interest is offline 5Hz repeti…

A Practical Guide to Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation from the IFCN-endorsed ITRUSST Consortium Open

Keith R. Murphy, Tulika Nandi, Benjamin R. Kop, Takahiro Osada, W. Apoutou N’Djin , et al. · 2024

Low-intensity Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation (TUS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique enabling cortical and deep brain targeting with unprecedented spatial accuracy. Given the high rate of adoption by new users with varying…

Ultrasound system for precise neuromodulation of human deep brain circuits Open

Eleanor Martin, Morgan Roberts, Ioana Grigoraș, Olivia Wright, Tulika Nandi , et al. · 2024

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) has emerged as a promising technique for non-invasive neuromodulation, but current systems lack the precision to target deep brain structures effectively. Here, we introduce an advanced TUS system …

Contents Open

Daisuke Miura, Hiromi Suenaga, Kiyoshi Ichihara, Alexander D Gleed, Divyanshu Mishra , et al. · 2024

Strategies and safety simulations for ultrasonic cervical spinal cord neuromodulation Open

Rui Xu, Sven Bestmann, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2024

Objective . Focused ultrasound spinal cord neuromodulation has been demonstrated in small animals. However, most of the tested neuromodulatory exposures are similar in intensity and exposure duration to the reported small animal threshold …

ITRUSST consensus on standardised reporting for transcranial ultrasound stimulation Open

Eleanor Martin, Jean‐François Aubry, Mark E. Schafer, Lennart Verhagen, Bradley E. Treeby , et al. · 2024

Corrigendum to ‘Safety Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation and Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Opening’ [Ultrasound in Med & Biol. 50 (2024) 317-331] Open

Rui Xu, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2024

The authors regret that an error was present in the final row of Table 3 in the column 'Sonication mode'. '4 ms pulse, 100 kHz' should read '4 ms pulse, 100 Hz'. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. Safety Revi…

Strategies and safety simulations for ultrasonic cervical spinal cord neuromodulation Open

Rui Xu, Sven Bestmann, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2024

Focused ultrasound spinal cord neuromodulation studies have demonstrated spinal cord neuromodulation in small animals. The safe and efficacious translation of these approaches to human scale requires an understanding of ultrasound propagat…

Safety Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation and Blood–Spinal Cord Barrier Opening Open

Rui Xu, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2024

New focused ultrasound spinal cord applications have emerged, particularly those improving therapeutic agent delivery to the spinal cord via blood-spinal cord barrier opening and the neuromodulation of spinal cord tracts. One hurdle in the…

The importance of acoustic output measurement and monitoring for the replicability of transcranial ultrasonic stimulation studies Open

Miriam C. Klein-Flügge, Elsa Fouragnan, Eleanor Martin · 2023

We are writing about what we believe are important considerations for ensuring high standards and replicability of experiments using transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS). TUS is a technique in its infancy, yet its potential is widely …

Pathways between probation and addiction treatment in England Open

Brian J. Eastwood, Patrick Horgan, Michael Kettle, Grant Henderson, Simon Corr , et al. · 2023

ObjectivesThe Criminal Justice Act (2003) introduced Alcohol Treatment Requirements (ATR) and Drug Rehabilitation Requirements (DRR). The study’s objective was to better understand the pathways between ATRs/DRRs and specialist addiction tr…

Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans Open

Siti N. Yaakub, Tristan A. White, Jamie Roberts, Eleanor Martin, Lennart Verhagen , et al. · 2023

Fiber-optic hydrophone for detection of high-intensity ultrasound waves Open

Esra Aytac‐Kipergil, Eleanor Martin, Sunish Mathews, Ioannis Papakonstantinou, Erwin J. Alles , et al. · 2023

Fiber-optic hydrophones (FOHs) are widely used to detect high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) fields. The most common type consists of an uncoated single-mode fiber with a perpendicularly cleaved end face. The main disadvantage of thes…

open-UST: An Open-Source Ultrasound Tomography Transducer Array System Open

Morgan Roberts, Eleanor Martin, Michael D. Brown, Ben Cox, Bradley E. Treeby · 2023

Fast imaging methods are needed to promote widespread clinical adoption of Ultrasound Tomography (UST), and more widely available UST hardware could support the experimental validation of new measurement configurations. In this work, an op…

Ramped V1 transcranial ultrasonic stimulation modulates but does not evoke visual evoked potentials Open

Tulika Nandi, Ainslie Johnstone, Eleanor Martin, Catharina Zich, Robert J. Cooper , et al. · 2023

Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has higher spatial resolution than electrical and magnetic stimulation approaches, and, uniquely, offers the ability to target structure…

Ramped V1 transcranial ultrasonic stimulation modulates but does not evoke visual evoked potentials Open

Tulika Nandi, Ainslie Johnstone, Eleanor Martin, Robert Cooper, Sven Bestmann , et al. · 2023

Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS), has been shown to evoke ‘visual evoked potential (VEP)-like’ potentials on EEG recordings, and also to modulate sensory evoked potentials. However, pulsed TUS is accompanied by an auditory confoun…

Experiments and simulations demonstrating the rapid ultrasonic rewarming of frozen tissue cryovials Open

Rui Xu, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2023

The development of methods to safely rewarm large cryopreserved biological samples remains a barrier to the widespread adoption of cryopreservation. Here, experiments and simulations were performed to demonstrate that ultrasound can increa…

Experiments and simulations demonstrating the rapid ultrasonic rewarming of frozen beef cryovials Open

Rui Xu, Bradley E. Treeby, Eleanor Martin · 2022

The development of methods to safely rewarm large volume cryopreserved biological samples remains a barrier to the widespread adoption of cryopreservation. Here, experiments and simulations were performed to demonstrate that ultrasound can…

Beyond Deliberate Indifference: Rethinking Institutional Responsibility and Title IX Liability in K-12 Education Open

Gabrielle Maginn, † Candidate, Brigid Carbone, Laura Kelly, Bailey Gustafson , et al. · 2022

Every choice those adults made was devastating to her.There was nothing we could do, nothing we could show that would make them have compassion for her."Danielle Bostick, about the response of school officials to her 15-year-old daughter's…

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