Enrico Maggi
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View article: IL-37/IL-1R8 axis: a novel major mechanism of control at the interface between tumor and immune cells
IL-37/IL-1R8 axis: a novel major mechanism of control at the interface between tumor and immune cells Open
Interleukin (IL)-37 is one of the "youngest" IL-1 family members and one of the few molecules exerting anti-inflammatory activity. Upon inflammasome activation, the cytokine precursor is converted into its mature form, which acts intracell…
View article: The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes
The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes Open
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against infections, including the detection and response to SARS-CoV-2. Cells of the innate system are usually activated within hours after pathogen exposure and do not generate conventional imm…
View article: Gut microbiota changes and its potential relations with thyroid disorders
Gut microbiota changes and its potential relations with thyroid disorders Open
The human intestinal flora is composed of more than 1200 species of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, along with bacteriophages, viruses and fungi, essential for several processes including digestive and non-digestive, being of vital importa…
View article: Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects
Soluble SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein: considering some potential pathogenic effects Open
The soluble S1 subunit of Spike protein (SP) from the SARS‐CoV-2 of different variants of concern (VOCs) may directly bind and activate human NK cells in vitro through the engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. This mechani…
View article: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: a case report
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: a case report Open
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) is an uncommon pulmonary condition characterized by communications between the arterial and the pulmonary venous system. This disease is often related to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HH…
View article: T cells in the microenvironment of solid pediatric tumors: the case of neuroblastoma
T cells in the microenvironment of solid pediatric tumors: the case of neuroblastoma Open
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an immunologically “cold” tumor with poor or no inflamed substrates as most of solid pediatric tumors (SPT). Consistent data indicate that NB tumor microenvironment (TME) is dominated by myeloid cells, with little (bu…
View article: TLR2/4 are novel activating receptors for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on NK cells
TLR2/4 are novel activating receptors for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on NK cells Open
Background In early infected or severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, circulating NK cells are consistently reduced, despite being highly activated or exhausted. The aim of this paper was to establish whether severe acute re…
View article: Transition to a mesenchymal state in neuroblastoma may be characterized by a high expression of GD2 and by the acquisition of immune escape from NK cells
Transition to a mesenchymal state in neuroblastoma may be characterized by a high expression of GD2 and by the acquisition of immune escape from NK cells Open
Background Neuroblastoma (NB) is characterized by both adrenergic (ADRN) and undifferentiated mesenchymal (MES) subsets. The ganglioside sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipid (GD2) is widely overexpressed on tumors of neuroectodermal or…
View article: CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ haemopoietic precursors circulate after chemotherapy, seed lung tissue and generate functional innate-like T cells and NK cells
CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ haemopoietic precursors circulate after chemotherapy, seed lung tissue and generate functional innate-like T cells and NK cells Open
Background There is little information on the trajectory and developmental fate of Lin - CD34 + DNAM-1 bright CXCR4 + progenitors exiting bone marrow during systemic inflammation. Objective To study Lin - CD34 + DNAM-1 bright CXCR4 + cell …
View article: The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 improves the NK cell-mediated anti-tumor response
The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 improves the NK cell-mediated anti-tumor response Open
IL-37 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily exerting anti-inflammatory functions in a number of diseases. Extracellular IL-37 triggers the inhibitory receptor IL-1R8 that is known to regulate different NK cell pathways and functional activit…
View article: Blood <scp>CD62L<sup>low</sup></scp> inflammatory eosinophils are related to the severity of asthma and reduced by mepolizumab
Blood <span>CD62L<sup>low</sup></span> inflammatory eosinophils are related to the severity of asthma and reduced by mepolizumab Open
Background Eosinophils have been divided into different subpopulations with distinct phenotypes based on CD62L expression. No data are available regarding the correlation between eosinophils subphenotypes and clinical severity of asthma, a…
View article: Human toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) in NK cells: Implication for cancer immunotherapy
Human toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) in NK cells: Implication for cancer immunotherapy Open
Toll-like receptors (TLR)s are homo- or heterodimeric proteins, whose structure and function were widely described in the antigen presenting cells (APC), such as Dendritic cells (DC). Recently, the expression and the role of TLRs in fighti…
View article: The roles of different forms of IL-15 in human melanoma progression
The roles of different forms of IL-15 in human melanoma progression Open
Background Melanoma is a lethal skin cancer, and the risk of developing it is increased by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The production of cytokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15), induced by the exposure of skin cells to UV rays…
View article: IL-1R8: A molecular brake of anti-tumor and anti-viral activity of NK cells and ILC
IL-1R8: A molecular brake of anti-tumor and anti-viral activity of NK cells and ILC Open
Interleukin-1 receptor family members (ILRs) and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play pivotal role in immunity and inflammation and are expressed by most cell types including cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. In this context,…
View article: The Latest Approach of Immunotherapy with Endosomal TLR Agonists Improving NK Cell Function: An Overview
The Latest Approach of Immunotherapy with Endosomal TLR Agonists Improving NK Cell Function: An Overview Open
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most well-defined pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of several cell types recognizing pathogens and triggering innate immunity. TLRs are also expressed on tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) ce…
View article: How the Immune System Responds to Allergy Immunotherapy
How the Immune System Responds to Allergy Immunotherapy Open
IgE-mediated diseases represent a highly diversified and multifactorial group of disorders that can deeply impact the patients’ quality of life. Currently, allergy immunotherapy (AIT) still remains the gold standard for the management of s…
View article: Legends of allergy and immunology: Sergio Romagnani
Legends of allergy and immunology: Sergio Romagnani Open
Allergy . 2023 Jan;78(1):324-326. doi: 10.1111/all.15570. Epub 2022 Nov 11. Legends of allergy and immunology: Sergio Romagnani Enrico Maggi 1, Paola Parronchi 2, Francesco Annunziato 2 Affiliations expand PMID: 36318520 DOI: 10.1111/all.1…
View article: A pathogenic integrated view explaining the different endotypes of asthma and allergic disorders
A pathogenic integrated view explaining the different endotypes of asthma and allergic disorders Open
The inflammation of allergic diseases is characterized by a complex interaction between type 2 and type 3 immune responses, explaining clinical symptoms and histopathological patterns. Airborne stimuli activate the mucosal epithelium to re…
View article: High proportion of inflammatory CD62L<sup>low</sup> eosinophils in blood and nasal polyps of severe asthma patients
High proportion of inflammatory CD62L<sup>low</sup> eosinophils in blood and nasal polyps of severe asthma patients Open
Background In mice models, eosinophils have been divided into different subpopulations with distinct phenotypes and functions, based on CD62L and CD101 patterns of membrane expression. Limited data are available in humans. Objective To inv…
View article: IL-1R8 silencing improves the anti-tumor function of freshly isolated human NK cells
IL-1R8 silencing improves the anti-tumor function of freshly isolated human NK cells Open
The inhibitory receptor interleukin-1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8) has been recently recognized to be expressed also by human natural killer (NK) cells. This study was aimed to design and optimize IL-1R8 silencing conditions in human NK cells to pr…
View article: Toll-like receptor 8 agonists improve NK-cell function primarily targeting CD56<sup>bright</sup>CD16<sup>−</sup> subset
Toll-like receptor 8 agonists improve NK-cell function primarily targeting CD56<sup>bright</sup>CD16<sup>−</sup> subset Open
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition sensors mainly expressed in innate immune cells that directly recognize conserved pathogen structures (pathogen-associated molecular patterns-PAMPs). Natural killer (NK) cells h…
View article: How to Prevent and Mitigate Hypersensitivity Reactions to Biologicals Induced by Anti-Drug Antibodies?
How to Prevent and Mitigate Hypersensitivity Reactions to Biologicals Induced by Anti-Drug Antibodies? Open
Biologicals are widely used therapeutic agents for rheumatologic diseases, cancers, and other chronic inflammatory diseases. They are characterized by complex structures and content of variable amounts of foreign regions, which may lead to…
View article: Strategies Targeting Type 2 Inflammation: From Monoclonal Antibodies to JAK-Inhibitors
Strategies Targeting Type 2 Inflammation: From Monoclonal Antibodies to JAK-Inhibitors Open
Bronchial asthma and its frequent comorbidity chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), are characterized by an inflammatory process at lower and upper respiratory tract, with a variability in terms of clinical presentations (phenotypes) and distinct …
View article: What we know and still ignore on COVID‐19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders
What we know and still ignore on COVID‐19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on the experience of allergic disorders Open
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic started in March 2020 and caused over 5 million confirmed deaths worldwide as far August 2021. We have been recently overwhelmed by a wide literature on how the immune system recognizes seve…
View article: Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune-Autoinflammatory Disorders and Primary/Secondary Immunodeficiencies: The Position of the Task Force on Behalf of the Italian Immunological Societies
Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune-Autoinflammatory Disorders and Primary/Secondary Immunodeficiencies: The Position of the Task Force on Behalf of the Italian Immunological Societies Open
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for humankind from health, economic, and social viewpoints. In February 2020, Italy was the first western country to be deeply hit by the pandemic …
View article: Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in People Receiving Anti-COVID-19 Adenoviral-Based Vaccines: A Proposal
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia in People Receiving Anti-COVID-19 Adenoviral-Based Vaccines: A Proposal Open
VITT is a rare, life-threatening syndrome characterized by thrombotic symptoms in combination with thrombocytopenia, which may occur in individuals receiving the first administration of adenoviral non replicating vectors (AVV) anti Covid19…
View article: Drug-specific Treg cells are induced during desensitization procedure for rituximab and tocilizumab in patients with anaphylaxis
Drug-specific Treg cells are induced during desensitization procedure for rituximab and tocilizumab in patients with anaphylaxis Open
Biologic agents (BA) are able to induce an adaptive immune response in a proportion of exposed patients with the onset of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), which are usually responsible for hypersensitivity reactions (HR). Drug desensitization (…
View article: What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on experience of allergic disorders.
What we know and still ignore on COVID-19 immune pathogenesis and a proposal based on experience of allergic disorders. Open
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started over one year ago and produced almost 3.5 million deaths worldwide. We have been recently overwhelmed by a wide literature on how the immune system recognizes Severe Acute Respirator…