Explanipedia

A safe, T cell-inducing heterologous vaccine against elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in a proof-of-concept study Open

Tanja Maehr, Javier López, Gabby Drake, Frederico Moraes Ferreira, Richard S. Fraser , et al. · 2025

Asian elephant interferons alpha and beta and their anti-herpes viral activity Open

Jonathan Haycock, Tanja Maehr, Akbar Dastjerdi, Falko Steinbach · 2025

The type I interferons (IFNs) are a group of key cytokines of the vertebrate innate immune system that induce an antiviral state in uninfected cells. Experimental in-vitro and in-vivo data have proven the fundamental role these cytokines p…

Comparative evaluation of disease dynamics in wild boar and domestic pigs experimentally inoculated intranasally with the European highly virulent African swine fever virus genotype II strain “Armenia 2007” Open

Pedro J. Sánchez‐Cordón, Fabian Z. X. Lean, Carrie Batten, Falko Steinbach, Aleksija Neimanis , et al. · 2024

Immunostimulation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) blood cells by parapoxvirus ovis and CpG motif-containing bacterial plasmid DNA upregulates innate immune gene expression Open

Jonathan Haycock, Tanja Maehr, Akbar Dastjerdi, Falko Steinbach · 2024

The immune system of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) is poorly studied, compared to that of livestock, rodents or humans. The innate immune response has become a focus of interest in relation to Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (E…

Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022 Open

Mirjam Schilling, Bettina Dunkel, T. Floyd, Daniel Hicks, Alejandro Núñez , et al. · 2024

We report fatal West Nile virus (WNV) infection in a 7-year-old mare returning to the United Kingdom from Spain. Case timeline and clustering of virus sequence with recent WNV isolates suggest that transmission occurred in Andalusía, Spain…

Pasteurella sp. associated with fatal septicaemia in six African elephants Open

Chris Foggin, L. Rosen, Marijke M. Henton, Angela Buys, Toby Floyd , et al. · 2023

The sudden mortality of African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) in Botswana and Zimbabwe in 2020 provoked considerable public interest and speculation. Poaching and malicious poisoning were excluded early on in the investigation. Other po…

Equine Arteritis Virus in Monocytic Cells Suppresses Differentiation and Function of Dendritic Cells Open

Nathifa Moyo, Dave Westcott, Rachel E. Simmonds, Falko Steinbach · 2023

Equine viral arteritis is an infectious disease of equids caused by equine arteritis virus (EAV), an RNA virus of the family Arteriviridae. Dendritic cells (DC) are important modulators of the immune response with the ability to present an…

Identification of Equine Arteritis Virus Immunodominant Epitopes Using a Peptide Microarray Open

Jo Mayers, David G. Westcott, Falko Steinbach · 2022

Using the commercially available PEPperCHIP® microarray platform, a peptide microarray was developed to identify immunodominant epitopes for the detection of antibodies against Equine arteritis virus (EAV). For this purpose, the whole EAV …

Molecular Epidemiology Questions Transmission Pathways Identified During the Year 2000 Outbreak of Classical Swine Fever in the UK Open

Rebecca Strong, Stephen H. McCleary, Sylvia S. Grierson, Bhudipa Choudhury, Falko Steinbach , et al. · 2022

The last outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) in the UK occurred in 2000. A total of 16 domestic pig holdings in the East Anglia region were confirmed as infected over a 3-month period. Obtaining viral genome sequences has since become …

Stem cell-derived porcine macrophages as a new platform for studying host-pathogen interactions Open

Stephen Meek, Tom Watson, Lél Eöry, Gus R. McFarlane, Felicity Wynne , et al. · 2022

Stem cell-derived macrophages as a new platform for studying host-pathogen interactions in livestock Open

Stephen Meek, Tom Watson, Lél Eöry, Gus R. McFarlane, Felicity Wynne , et al. · 2021

Infectious diseases of farmed and wild animals pose a recurrent threat to food security and human health. The macrophage, a key component of the innate immune system, is the first line of defence against many infectious agents and plays a …

Activation of Dendritic Cells in Tonsils Is Associated with CD8 T Cell Responses following Vaccination with Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Open

Ferran Soldevila, Jane C. Edwards, Simon P. Graham, Helen Crooke, Dirk Werling , et al. · 2021

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The live attenuated C-strain vaccine is highly efficacious, initiating protection within several days of delivery. The vaccine str…

Examining bull semen for residues of Schmallenberg virus RNA Open

Akbar Dastjerdi, S. Anna La Rocca, Siva Karuna, Christopher Finnegan, Julie Peake , et al. · 2021

Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus (SBV) was initially detected in 2011 in Germany from dairy cattle with fever and decreased milk yield. The virus infection is now established in many parts of the world with recurrent epidemics. SBV is transmi…

High genetic variability of Schmallenberg virus M-segment leads to efficient immune escape from neutralizing antibodies Open

Kerstin Wernike, Ilona Reimann, Ashley C. Banyard, Franziska Kraatz, S. Anna La Rocca , et al. · 2021

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the cause of severe fetal malformations when immunologically naïve pregnant ruminants are infected. In those malformed fetuses, a “hot-spot”-region of high genetic variability within the N-terminal region of th…

Bovine Pestivirus Heterogeneity and Its Potential Impact on Vaccination and Diagnosis Open

Victor Riitho, Rebecca Strong, Magdalena Larska, Simon P. Graham, Falko Steinbach · 2020

Bovine Pestiviruses A and B, formerly known as bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV)-1 and 2, respectively, are important pathogens of cattle worldwide, responsible for significant economic losses. Bovine viral diarrhoea control programmes…

Substitution of warthog NF-κB motifs into RELA of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to African swine fever virus Open

Stephen McCleary, Rebecca Strong, Ronan R. McCarthy, Jane C. Edwards, Emma Howes , et al. · 2020

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal, haemorrhagic disease in domestic swine that threatens pig production across the globe. Unlike domestic pigs, warthogs, which are wildlife hosts of the virus, do not succumb to the lethal ef…

Head Start Immunity: Characterizing the Early Protection of C Strain Vaccine Against Subsequent Classical Swine Fever Virus Infection Open

Ronan R. McCarthy, Helen Everett, Simon P. Graham, Falko Steinbach, Helen Crooke · 2019

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is an ongoing threat to the pig industry due to the high transmission and mortality rates associated with infection. Live attenuated vaccines such as the CSFV C strain vaccine are capable of protecting ag…

Characterization of the Myeloid Cell Populations’ Resident in the Porcine Palatine Tonsil Open

Ferran Soldevila, Jane C. Edwards, Simon P. Graham, Lisa Stevens, Bentley Crudgington , et al. · 2018

The palatine tonsil is the portal of entry for food and air and is continuously subjected to environmental challenges, including pathogens, which use the tonsil and pharynx as a primary site of replication. In pigs, this includes the virus…

A63 Equine infectious anaemia virus in Great Britain: Molecular characterisation of cases from 1975 to 2012 Open

Bhudipa Choudhury, D. J. Robinson, Falko Steinbach · 2018

Full-length genome sequences of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strain CV777; Use of NGS to analyse genomic and sub-genomic RNAs Open

Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, María Beatrice Boniotti, Alice Papetti, Béatrice Grasland, Jean‐Pierre Frossard , et al. · 2018

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, strain CV777, was initially characterized in 1978 as the causative agent of a disease first identified in the UK in 1971. This coronavirus has been widely distributed among laboratories and has been passag…

Establishment of a Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 Intranasal Challenge Model for Assessing Vaccine Efficacy Open

Rebecca Strong, Simon P. Graham, S. Anna La Rocca, R. Raue, Ilse Vangeel , et al. · 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) challenge model suitable for evaluation of efficacy of BVDV vaccines; a model that mimics natural infection and induces clear leukopenia and viremia. …

Design and evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of a biomimetic particulate formulation of viral antigens Open

Victor Riitho, Adam A. Walters, Satyanarayana Somavarapu, Benjamin Lamp, Till Rümenapf , et al. · 2017

Subunit viral vaccines are typically not as efficient as live attenuated or inactivated vaccines at inducing protective immune responses. This paper describes an alternative ‘biomimetic’ technology; whereby viral antigens were formulated a…

UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV Open

Jean‐Pierre Frossard, Sylvia S. Grierson, Tanya Cheney, Falko Steinbach, Bhudipa Choudhury , et al. · 2017

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. While HEV does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in…

UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV Open

Jean‐Pierre Frossard, Sylvia S. Grierson, Tanya Cheney, Falko Steinbach, Bhudipa Choudhury , et al. · 2017

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. While HEV does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in…

CD1− and CD1+ porcine blood dendritic cells are enriched for the orthologues of the two major mammalian conventional subsets Open

Jane C. Edwards, Helen Everett, Miriam Pedrera, Helen Mokhtar, Emanuele Marchi , et al. · 2017

Inter-laboratory study to characterize the detection of serum antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus Open

Bertel Strandbygaard, Antonio Lavazza, Davide Lelli, Yannick Blanchard, Béatrice Grasland , et al. · 2016

Equine dendritic cells generated with horse serum have enhanced functionality in comparison to dendritic cells generated with fetal bovine serum Open

Anja Ziegler, Helen Everett, Eman Hamza, Mattia Garbani, Vinzenz Gerber , et al. · 2016

EqMoDC generated with horse serum-supplemented medium showed improved morphological characteristics, higher cell viability and exhibited a more robust performance in the functional T cell assays. Therefore, horse serum was found to be supe…

A retrospective study detects a novel variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in England in archived material from the year 2000 Open

Falko Steinbach, Akbar Dastjerdi, Julie Peake, S. Anna La Rocca, Frank P. Tobin , et al. · 2016

Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) were first recorded in England in the 1970s and continued to be confirmed until 2002. Retrospective analysis of archived material from one of the last confirmed cases in England in the year 2000…

From the field to the lab — An European view on the global spread of PEDV Open

Bhudipa Choudhury, Akbar Dastjerdi, Nicole Doyle, Jean‐Pierre Frossard, Falko Steinbach · 2016

Surviving and fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus-1A infections in juvenile Asian elephants – lessons learned and recommendations on anti-herpesviral therapy Open

Akbar Dastjerdi, Katharina Seilern‐Moy, Karin E. Darpel, Falko Steinbach, Fieke M. Molenaar · 2016

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