Frederick E. Below
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View article: Soil‐applied carbon‐based biostimulants differentially affect maize and soybean grain yield and quality
Soil‐applied carbon‐based biostimulants differentially affect maize and soybean grain yield and quality Open
The use of carbon‐based biostimulants (e.g., humic acid [HA] and molasses/yeast extract [MYE]) to enhance grain yield and/or quality of maize ( Zea mays L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is increasing. The objectives of this study …
View article: Biostimulant or biological? The complexity of defining, categorizing, and regulating microbial inoculants
Biostimulant or biological? The complexity of defining, categorizing, and regulating microbial inoculants Open
Agronomic use of specialty products known as biostimulants to improve crop productivity is growing. Traditionally, biostimulants are defined as any substance or microorganism applied to plants to enhance nutrient use efficiency, tolerance …
View article: Soil inoculation with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria to supplement maize fertilizer need
Soil inoculation with nitrogen‐fixing bacteria to supplement maize fertilizer need Open
Nitrogen (N) is an essential plant nutrient, but low and variable plant‐available N levels in agricultural soils often limit maximum grain production. The objective of this study was to determine if a free‐living nitrogen‐fixing bacterial …
View article: Soybean planting date affects the relationships between soil test values and grain yield
Soybean planting date affects the relationships between soil test values and grain yield Open
Many soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growers in the US Midwest rely on soil test values for evaluating the crop's fertilizer needs. However, threshold values for Illinois were calibrated to soybean yield in the 1960s when the production …
View article: Long‐term continuous maize: Impacts on the soil microbiome and implications for residue management
Long‐term continuous maize: Impacts on the soil microbiome and implications for residue management Open
Continuous maize ( Zea mays L.) (CM) cropping has been proposed to increase soil organic carbon stocks through greater residue return to soils. These residues, however, can contribute to a yield decrease known as the continuous maize yield…
View article: Short-stature and tall maize hybrids have a similar yield response to split-rate vs. pre-plant N applications, but differ in biomass and nitrogen partitioning
Short-stature and tall maize hybrids have a similar yield response to split-rate vs. pre-plant N applications, but differ in biomass and nitrogen partitioning Open
Development of semi-dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased yields and agronomic efficiencies with less lodging. While these short-stature cereals have become common in global crop production, commercial ma…
View article: Soybean management for seed composition: The perspective of U.S. farmers
Soybean management for seed composition: The perspective of U.S. farmers Open
The soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] compositional quality is mainly provided by the seed concentration of protein and oil. These traits are critical for sustaining global use, and although there is demand for high protein soybean, no mec…
View article: Managing Density Stress to Close the Maize Yield Gap
Managing Density Stress to Close the Maize Yield Gap Open
Continued yield increases of maize ( Zea mays L.) will require higher planting populations, and enhancement of other agronomic inputs could alleviate density-induced stress. Row spacing, plant population, P-S-Zn fertility, K-B fertility, N…
View article: Plant Biostimulants: A Categorical Review, Their Implications for Row Crop Production, and Relation to Soil Health Indicators
Plant Biostimulants: A Categorical Review, Their Implications for Row Crop Production, and Relation to Soil Health Indicators Open
Plant biostimulants are specialty products used to increase crop production and are quickly becoming common in the agricultural seed and chemical marketplace. Unlike traditional crop inputs, such as fertilizers or pesticides, biostimulants…
View article: A Research Road Map for Responsible Use of Agricultural Nitrogen
A Research Road Map for Responsible Use of Agricultural Nitrogen Open
Nitrogen (N) is an essential but generally limiting nutrient for biological systems. Development of the Haber-Bosch industrial process for ammonia synthesis helped to relieve N limitation of agricultural production, fueling the Green Revol…
View article: Plant population and row spacing effects on corn: Plant growth, phenology, and grain yield
Plant population and row spacing effects on corn: Plant growth, phenology, and grain yield Open
The average U.S. plant population continues to increase as U.S. growers continue to push corn ( Zea mays L.) grain yields higher. However, this increased plant population typically causes more intra‐row stress to the plants, potentially re…
View article: Plant population and row spacing effects on corn: Phenotypic traits of positive yield‐responsive hybrids
Plant population and row spacing effects on corn: Phenotypic traits of positive yield‐responsive hybrids Open
Corn ( Zea mays L.) hybrids differ in their yield response to plant population and/or row spacing changes. The objective of this study was to identify the hybrid phenotypic traits underlying intensive plant population and row spacing yield…
View article: Residue and Agronomic Management to Reduce the Continuous Corn Yield Penalty
Residue and Agronomic Management to Reduce the Continuous Corn Yield Penalty Open
Accelerated residue degradation and nutrient cycling will be necessary to maximize yield potential in corn (Zea mays L.) grown continuously and in other high-volume residue situations. This study aimed to test if residue management and agr…
View article: Assessing Variation in US Soybean Seed Composition (Protein and Oil)
Assessing Variation in US Soybean Seed Composition (Protein and Oil) Open
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices, but contribution of each factor to seed composition and yield are not well understood. The goal of t…
View article: Environmental and Management Factor Contributions to Maize Yield
Environmental and Management Factor Contributions to Maize Yield Open
Agricultural production must increase substantially to meet the increasing per capita demand for food, feed, fuel, and fiber of a rising human census. The amount of arable land is limited due to soil type, weather, and ecosystem considerat…
View article: Weather During Key Growth Stages Explains Grain Quality and Yield of Maize
Weather During Key Growth Stages Explains Grain Quality and Yield of Maize Open
Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and compositional quality are interrelated and are highly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, total precipitation, and soil water storage. Our aim was to develop a regression model to ac…
View article: Assessing Variation in US SoybeanSeed Composition (Protein and Oil)
Assessing Variation in US SoybeanSeed Composition (Protein and Oil) Open
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition and yield are a function of genetics (G), environment (E), and management (M) practices, but contribution of each factor to seed composition and yield are not well understood. The goal of t…
View article: Genomic Selection Using Maize Ex‐Plant Variety Protection Germplasm for the Prediction of Nitrogen‐Use Traits
Genomic Selection Using Maize Ex‐Plant Variety Protection Germplasm for the Prediction of Nitrogen‐Use Traits Open
Maize ( Zea mays L) yield increases associated with better usage of N fertilizer, (i.e., increased N use efficiency [NUE]), will require innovative breeding efforts. Genomic selection (GS) for N‐use traits (e.g., uptake or utilization effi…
View article: Hybrid Selection and Agronomic Management to Lessen the Continuous Corn Yield Penalty
Hybrid Selection and Agronomic Management to Lessen the Continuous Corn Yield Penalty Open
Yield reductions occur when corn (Zea mays L.) is continuously grown compared to when it is rotated with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; primarily due to soil nitrogen availability, corn residue accumulation, and the weather. This study …
View article: Nitrogen Use Efficiency and the Genetic Variation of Maize Expired Plant Variety Protection Germplasm
Nitrogen Use Efficiency and the Genetic Variation of Maize Expired Plant Variety Protection Germplasm Open
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in maize (Zea mays L.) is an important trait to optimize yield with minimal input of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Expired Plant Variety Protection (ex-PVP) Act-certified germplasm may be an important genetic resou…
View article: Yield Stability Differs in Commercial Maize Hybrids in Response to Changes in Plant Density, Nitrogen Fertility, and Environment
Yield Stability Differs in Commercial Maize Hybrids in Response to Changes in Plant Density, Nitrogen Fertility, and Environment Open
Continued yield increases in modern commercial maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids will require increased plant density, improved nitrogen‐use efficiency, and breeding for a hybrid's potential yield response to this management. The objective of t…
View article: Genetic Variation of Nitrogen Use Traits Using Maize Expired Plant Variety Protection Germplasm
Genetic Variation of Nitrogen Use Traits Using Maize Expired Plant Variety Protection Germplasm Open
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in maize (Zea mays L.) is an important trait to maximize yield with minimal input of nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Expired Plant Variety Protection (ex-PVP) Act-certified germplasm may be an important genetic resou…
View article: Uptake of elemental or sulfate-S from fall- or spring-applied co-granulated fertilizer by corn—A stable isotope and modeling study
Uptake of elemental or sulfate-S from fall- or spring-applied co-granulated fertilizer by corn—A stable isotope and modeling study Open
Sulfur deficiency has become more common in the last decades and the demand for S fertilizers has increased. Commercial fertilizers containing elemental S (S0 or ES) are usually in granular form, but their efficiency under field conditions…