Explanipedia

Functional diversity in GII.4 norovirus entry: HBGA binding and capsid clustering dynamics Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Carmen V. Apostol, Janam J. Dave, Soni Kaundal, Joseph A. Kendra , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), especially GII.4 strains, are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet no approved vaccines or antivirals exist. The pandemic GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain enters cells via membrane wounding an…

Functional Diversity in GII.4 Norovirus Entry: HBGA Binding and Capsid Clustering Dynamics Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Carmen V. Apostol, Janam J. Dave, Soni Kaundal, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), especially GII.4 strains, are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide, yet no approved vaccines or antivirals exist. The pandemic GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain enters cells via membrane wounding an…

2′-Fucosyllactose inhibits human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids Open

Ketki Patil, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Nicole M. Hayes, Frederick H. Neill, Lars Bode , et al. · 2025

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no targeted antivirals for the treatment of HuNoV infection. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on the intestinal epithelium are cell…

A Bivalent Human Norovirus Vaccine Induces Homotypic and Heterotypic Neutralizing Antibodies Open

Robert L. Atmar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sasirekha Ramani, Frederick H. Neill, Lisa C. Lindesmith , et al. · 2024

A GII.2 outbreak in an efficacy study of a bivalent virus-like particle norovirus vaccine, TAK-214, in healthy US adults provided an opportunity to examine GII.4 homotypic vs GII.2 heterotypic responses to vaccination and infection. Three …

Lack of Detection of Norwalk Virus in Saliva Samples From a Controlled Human Infection Model Open

Robert L. Atmar, Frederick H. Neill, Nicole M. Hayes, Antone R. Opekun, David Y. Graham , et al. · 2024

Following recent reports of norovirus replication in salivary gland cells, we examined whether the prototype norovirus strain, Norwalk virus (GI.1), could be detected in the saliva of 21 experimentally infected persons. Viral RNA was not d…

Insights into human norovirus cultivation in human intestinal enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Gurpreet Kaur, Ketki Patil, Janam J. Dave, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a significant cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a reproducible culture system hindered the study of HuNoV replication and pathogenesis for almost a half-century. This…

Bile acid-sensitive human norovirus strains are susceptible to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 inhibition Open

Victoria R. Tenge, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sue E. Crawford, Nicole M. Hayes , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously, we reported that many HuNoV strains require bile or bile acid (BA) to infect human jejunal intestinal en…

2’-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Human Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids Open

Ketki Patil, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Frederick H. Neill, Lars Bode, Mary K. Estes , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no targeted antivirals for the treatment of HuNoV infection. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on the intestinal epithelium are cell…

Insights into Human Norovirus Cultivation in Human Intestinal Enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Gurpreet Kaur, Ketki Patil, Janam J. Dave, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a significant cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The lack of a reproducible culture system hindered the study of HuNoV replication and pathogenesis for almost a half-century. This…

Bile acid-sensitive human norovirus strains are susceptible to sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 inhibition Open

Victoria R. Tenge, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Sue E. Crawford, Yi‐Ting Shen , et al. · 2024

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that cause both endemic and pandemic acute viral gastroenteritis. Previously we reported that many strains of HuNoV require bile or bile acid (BA) to infect human jejunal intest…

A single nanobody neutralizes multiple epochally evolving human noroviruses by modulating capsid plasticity Open

Wilhelm Salmen, Liya Hu, Marina Bok, Natthawan Chaimongkol, Khalil Ettayebi , et al. · 2023

Standardization of an antiviral pipeline for human norovirus in human intestinal enteroids demonstrates nitazoxanide has no to weak antiviral activity Open

Miranda A. Lewis, Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield, Khalil Ettayebi, Ketki Patil, Gurpreet Kaur , et al. · 2023

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In immunocompetent hosts, symptoms usually resolve within 3 days; however, in immunocompromised persons, HuNoV infection can become persistent, debilitating, and so…

Mapping human norovirus antigens during infection reveals the breadth of the humoral immune response Open

Lynn Su, Wanzhi Huang, Frederick H. Neill, Mary K. Estes, Robert L. Atmar , et al. · 2023

Intra- and Inter-host Evolution of Human Norovirus in Healthy Adults Open

Sasirekha Ramani, Sara J. Javornik Cregeen, Anil Surathu, Frederick H. Neill, Donna M. Muzny , et al. · 2023

Background Human noroviruses are a leading cause of acute and sporadic gastroenteritis worldwide. The evolution of human noroviruses in immunocompromised persons has been evaluated in many studies. Much less is known about the evolutionary…

A Standardized Antiviral Pipeline for Human Norovirus in Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates No Antiviral Activity of Nitazoxanide Open

Miranda A. Lewis, Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield, Khalil Ettayebi, Ketki Patil, Gurpreet Kaur , et al. · 2023

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. In immunocompetent hosts, symptoms usually resolve within three days; however, in immunocompromised persons, HuNoV infection can become persistent, debilitating, an…

CLIC and membrane wound repair pathways enable pandemic norovirus entry and infection Open

B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Khalil Ettayebi, Wilhelm Salmen, Umesh C. Karandikar, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2023

Globally, most cases of gastroenteritis are caused by pandemic GII.4 human norovirus (HuNoV) strains with no approved therapies or vaccines available. The cellular pathways that these strains exploit for cell entry and internalization are …

Antiviral Activity of Olanexidine-Containing Hand Rub against Human Noroviruses Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Wilhelm Salmen, K. Imai, Akifumi Hagi, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2022

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are highly contagious and cause nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. Since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, HuNoVs have become the leading cause of diarrheal illness in children.

Association of Secretor Status and Recent Norovirus Infection With Gut Microbiome Diversity Metrics in a Veterans Affairs Population Open

Jordan A. Johnson, Timothy D. Read, Robert A. Petit, Vincent C. Marconi, Kathryn Meagley , et al. · 2022

Norovirus infection causing acute gastroenteritis could lead to adverse effects on the gut microbiome. We assessed the association of microbiome diversity with norovirus infection and secretor status in patients from Veterans Affairs medic…

Atomic structure of the predominant GII.4 human norovirus capsid reveals novel stability and plasticity Open

Liya Hu, Wilhelm Salmen, Rong Chen, Yi Zhou, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2022

Bile Goes Viral Open

Victoria R. Tenge, Kosuke Murakami, Wilhelm Salmen, Shih‐Ching Lin, Sue E. Crawford , et al. · 2021

Laboratory cultivation of viruses is critical for determining requirements for viral replication, developing detection methods, identifying drug targets, and developing antivirals. Several viruses have a history of recalcitrance towards ro…

New Insights and Enhanced Human Norovirus Cultivation in Human Intestinal Enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Victoria R. Tenge, Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield, Sue E. Crawford, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2021

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are highly contagious and cause acute and sporadic diarrheal illness in all age groups. In addition, chronic infections occur in immunocompromised cancer and transplant patients.

New Insights and Enhanced Human Norovirus Cultivation in Human Intestinal Enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Victoria R. Tenge, Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield, Sue E. Crawford, Frederick H. Neill , et al. · 2020

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. We previously demonstrated human intestinal stem cell-derived enteroids (HIEs) support cultivation of several HuNoV strains. However…

Genetic Manipulation of Human Intestinal Enteroids Demonstrates the Necessity of a Functional Fucosyltransferase 2 Gene for Secretor-Dependent Human Norovirus Infection Open

Kei Haga, Khalil Ettayebi, Victoria R. Tenge, Umesh C. Karandikar, Miranda A. Lewis , et al. · 2020

Several studies have demonstrated that secretor status is associated with susceptibility to human norovirus (HuNoV) infection; however, previous reports found that FUT2 expression is not sufficient to allow infection with HuNoV in a variet…

Bile acids and ceramide overcome the entry restriction for GII.3 human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids Open

Kosuke Murakami, Victoria R. Tenge, Umesh C. Karandikar, Shih‐Ching Lin, Sasirekha Ramani , et al. · 2020

Significance Many viral pathogens replicate in the human small intestine where they must invade the epithelial barrier that has evolved to protect the host against microbial assaults. Using a human norovirus strain that requires bile to re…

Comparison of Microneutralization and Histo-Blood Group Antigen–Blocking Assays for Functional Norovirus Antibody Detection Open

Robert L. Atmar, Khalil Ettayebi, B. Vijayalakshmi Ayyar, Frederick H. Neill, Ralph P. Braun , et al. · 2019

Background The development of an in vitro cultivation system for human noroviruses allows the measurement of neutralizing antibody levels. Methods Serum neutralizing antibody levels were determined using a GII.4/Sydney/2012-like virus in h…

2650. Evaluating Antiviral Agents for Human Noroviruses Using a Human Intestinal Enteroid Model Open

Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield, Sasirekha Ramani, Frederick H. Neill, Khalil Ettayebi, Robert L. Atmar , et al. · 2019

Background Norovirus can cause chronic infections with serious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. While there are no FDA-approved medications for these infections, nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and enterally administered poo…

Human Norovirus Cultivation in Nontransformed Stem Cell-Derived Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures: Success and Challenges Open

Mary K. Estes, Khalil Ettayebi, Victoria R. Tenge, Kosuke Murakami, Umesh C. Karandikar , et al. · 2019

Noroviruses, in the genus Norovirus, are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. For almost 50 years, the lack of a cultivation system for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) was a major barrier to understanding virus bi…

652. What Is Blood Got to Do with It? Genetic Susceptibility to Norovirus and Rotavirus Infection: Results From the SUPERNOVA Network Open

Anita Kambhampati, Robert L. Atmar, Frederick H. Neill, Maria C. Rodriguez‐Barradas, Blanca Vargas , et al. · 2018

BACKGROUND: Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), whose expression is controlled in part by fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) and 3 (FUT3) genes, serve as receptors for norovirus and rotavirus. Individuals without functional FUT2 (nonsecretors) or…

B-Cell Responses to Intramuscular Administration of a Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Human Norovirus Vaccine Open

Sasirekha Ramani, Frederick H. Neill, Jennifer Ferreira, John J. Treanor, Sharon E. Frey , et al. · 2017

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. A virus-like particle (VLP) candidate vaccine induces the production of serum histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-blocking antibodies, the first identified cor…

Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids Open

Khalil Ettayebi, Sue E. Crawford, Kosuke Murakami, James R. Broughman, Umesh C. Karandikar , et al. · 2016

The major barrier to research and development of effective interventions for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) has been the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. HuNoVs are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. …

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