Back pain is the second most common reason for primary-care physician visits after the common cold. New understanding of the spine pathophysiology and biomechanics led to the development of novel injectable biomaterials to treat those pain generators. Although not all biomaterials are currently ready for common use, there is significant interest by the medical community to invest time, resources, and energy to optimize these injectables. This review introduces basic concepts and advancements in the field of bioinj…

The Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is now an effective method for measuring displacement in engineering fields. DIC includes a coarse search scheme with pixel-size accuracy for finding an initial guess (IG) followed by an iteration procedure to successively find the accurate/true displacements. The closer IG to the true displacement values, the higher the likelihood of convergence and the more efficient the convergence of the subsequent Newton-Raphson (NR) iteration procedure. This study introduced and verified a…

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Purpose . The treatment of vertebral burst fractures is still controversial. The aim of the study is to evaluate the purpose of additional percutaneous intravertebral reduction when combined with dorsal instrumentation. Methods . In this biomechanical cadaver study twenty-eight spine segments (T11-L3) were used (male donors, mean age 64.9 ± 6.5 years). Burst fractures of L1 were generated using a standardised protocol. After fracture all spines were allocated to four similar groups and randomised according to surg…