Gary R. Whittaker
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View article: Trash Talking: Anthropogenic Resources Facilitate Raccoon Interactions in Urban Environments
Trash Talking: Anthropogenic Resources Facilitate Raccoon Interactions in Urban Environments Open
Interactions between animals of the same species underpin many ecological processes, from reproduction to pathogen transmission. Habitat modification, such as urbanization, affects an animal's spatial behavior, altering interactions with b…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey of healthy, privately owned cats at a New York City animal hospital early in the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021)
SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey of healthy, privately owned cats at a New York City animal hospital early in the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2021) Open
View article: Rethinking the drivers of coronavirus virulence and pathogenesis; toward an understanding of the dynamic world of mutations, indels, and recombination within the alphacoronaviruses
Rethinking the drivers of coronavirus virulence and pathogenesis; toward an understanding of the dynamic world of mutations, indels, and recombination within the alphacoronaviruses Open
Alphacoronaviruses are widespread but understudied in comparison to betacoronaviruses. Within the alphacoronaviruses is the species Alphacoronavirus-1 , which comprises distinct viruses of cats, dogs, and pigs, along with a separate specie…
View article: Broad-spectrum synthetic carbohydrate receptors (SCRs) inhibit viral entry across multiple virus families
Broad-spectrum synthetic carbohydrate receptors (SCRs) inhibit viral entry across multiple virus families Open
Viral pandemics continue to threaten global health and economic stability. Despite medical advances, the absence of broad-spectrum antivirals (BSAs) prevents rapid responses to emerging viral threats. This is largely due to the lack of uni…
View article: Identification of within-host deletions in domain 0 of the spike gene of highly pathogenic feline coronavirus type 2 from the United States
Identification of within-host deletions in domain 0 of the spike gene of highly pathogenic feline coronavirus type 2 from the United States Open
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is known to gain pathogenicity within-host to cause the lethal disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Most FIP cases are caused by viruses in genotype 1 (FCoV-1) via an ‘internal mutation’ in the spike gene.…
View article: Loss of FCoV-23 spike domain 0 enhances fusogenicity and entry kinetics
Loss of FCoV-23 spike domain 0 enhances fusogenicity and entry kinetics Open
The ability of coronaviruses to recombine and cross species barriers affects human and animal health globally and is a pandemic threat 1,2 . FCoV-23 is a recently emerged, highly pathogenic recombinant coronavirus responsible for a widespr…
View article: Rapid Clinical Resolution and Differential Diagnosis of a Neurological Case of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Using GS-441524
Rapid Clinical Resolution and Differential Diagnosis of a Neurological Case of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Using GS-441524 Open
Case summary: A 2-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with a progressive history of tetraparesis, ataxia, and inappetence over 4 days. A physical exam revealed mucopurulent nasal discharge and stertor. A neurologic …
View article: Deletion of a KSF Motif Attenuates NSP1 Host Cell Translation Shutoff and Impairs SARS-CoV-2 Virulence
Deletion of a KSF Motif Attenuates NSP1 Host Cell Translation Shutoff and Impairs SARS-CoV-2 Virulence Open
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered a global pandemic with profound social and economic consequences. The viral spike (S) protein has been iden…
View article: Enhanced RNA replication and pathogenesis in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the L260F mutation in NSP6
Enhanced RNA replication and pathogenesis in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the L260F mutation in NSP6 Open
The COVID-19 pandemic has been driven by SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmission and immune escape. Apart from extensive evolution in the Spike protein, non-Spike mutations are accumulating across the entire viral genome and their f…
View article: An outbreak of canine coronavirus type 2 in captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) demonstrates a possible role for felids as mixing vessels for alphacoronaviruses
An outbreak of canine coronavirus type 2 in captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia) demonstrates a possible role for felids as mixing vessels for alphacoronaviruses Open
View article: Replication-incompetent VSV-based vaccine elicits protective responses against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus
Replication-incompetent VSV-based vaccine elicits protective responses against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus Open
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses lead to severe respiratory illnesses and death in humans, exacerbated in individuals with underlying health conditions, remaining substantial global public …
View article: Glutamine metabolism is essential for coronavirus replication in host cells and in mice
Glutamine metabolism is essential for coronavirus replication in host cells and in mice Open
View article: Rethinking the Drivers of Coronavirus Virulence and Pathogenesis: Toward an Understanding of the Dynamic World of Mutations, Indels, and Recombination Within the Species Alphacoronavirus-1
Rethinking the Drivers of Coronavirus Virulence and Pathogenesis: Toward an Understanding of the Dynamic World of Mutations, Indels, and Recombination Within the Species Alphacoronavirus-1 Open
Alphacoronaviruses are widespread but understudied in comparison to betacoronaviruses. Recombination, mutations, and indels are hallmarks of coronavirus replication, which together facilitate viral spillover and emergence, especially withi…
View article: Differential Diagnosis and Rapid Clinical Resolution of a Neurological Case of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Using GS441524
Differential Diagnosis and Rapid Clinical Resolution of a Neurological Case of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Using GS441524 Open
A 2-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented with a progressive history of tetraparesis, ataxia, and inappetence over 4 days. A physical exam revealed mucopurulent nasal discharge and stertor. Neurologic exam revealed a …
View article: The Furin Cleavage Site of Feline Coronavirus Type 1 (FCoV-1) and Its Structural Localization Within the S1 Domain D
The Furin Cleavage Site of Feline Coronavirus Type 1 (FCoV-1) and Its Structural Localization Within the S1 Domain D Open
Feline coronavirus type 1 (FCoV-1 is an alphacoronavirus (species _alphacoronavirus-1_) present in a distinct genetic clade. The FCoV-1 spike protein contains an identifiable furin cleavage site (FCS), which is highly unusual for an alphac…
View article: The Furin Cleavage Site of Feline Coronavirus Type 1 (FCoV-1) and Its Structural Localization Within the S1 Domain D
The Furin Cleavage Site of Feline Coronavirus Type 1 (FCoV-1) and Its Structural Localization Within the S1 Domain D Open
Feline coronavirus type 1 (FCoV-1 is an alphacoronavirus (species _alphacoronavirus-1_) present in a distinct genetic clade. The FCoV-1 spike protein contains an identifiable furin cleavage site (FCS), which is highly unusual for an alphac…
View article: Positive selection, genetic recombination, and intra-host evolution in novel equine coronavirus genomes and other members of the <i>Embecovirus</i> subgenus
Positive selection, genetic recombination, and intra-host evolution in novel equine coronavirus genomes and other members of the <i>Embecovirus</i> subgenus Open
There are several examples of coronaviruses in the Betacoronavirus subgenus Embecovirus that have jumped from an animal to the human host. Studying how evolutionary factors shape coronaviruses in non-human hosts may provide insight into th…
View article: Molecular detection using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing reveals cross-species transmission of feline coronavirus type-1 between a domestic cat and a captive wild felid
Molecular detection using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing reveals cross-species transmission of feline coronavirus type-1 between a domestic cat and a captive wild felid Open
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection normally causes mild or subclinical signs and is common in domestic cats. However, in some cats, FCoV infection can also lead to the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)—a typically lethal …
View article: Intranasal Vaccination with Recombinant TLR2-Active Outer Membrane Vesicles Containing Sequential M2e Epitopes Protects against Lethal Influenza a Challenge
Intranasal Vaccination with Recombinant TLR2-Active Outer Membrane Vesicles Containing Sequential M2e Epitopes Protects against Lethal Influenza a Challenge Open
Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease, resulting in an estimated 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness annually. While most influenza vaccines are administered parenterally via injection, one shortcoming is that they do not…
View article: Using design thinking to create and implement a <scp>3D</scp> digital library of anatomical specimens
Using design thinking to create and implement a <span>3D</span> digital library of anatomical specimens Open
Design thinking (DT) is a five‐stage process (empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test) that guides the creation of user‐centered solutions to complex problems. DT is in common use outside of science but has rarely been applied to an…
View article: Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review
Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review Open
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily resp…
View article: Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review
Host Cell Proteases Involved in Human Respiratory Viral Infections and Their Inhibitors: A Review Open
Viral tropism is most commonly linked to receptor use, but host cell protease use can be a notable factor in susceptibility to infection. Here we review the use of host cell proteases by human viruses, focusing on those with primarily resp…
View article: An outbreak of canine coronavirus type 2 in captive snow leopards<i>(Panthera uncia)</i>demonstrates a possible role for felids as mixing vessels for alphacoronaviruses
An outbreak of canine coronavirus type 2 in captive snow leopards<i>(Panthera uncia)</i>demonstrates a possible role for felids as mixing vessels for alphacoronaviruses Open
Coronaviruses are endemic and can cause disease in a wide range of domestic animal and wildlife species. The virus species Alphacoronavirus-1 comprises a set of diverse viruses that are highly recombinogenic, including feline coronavirus t…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 Serosurvey of healthy, privately owned cats presenting to a New York City animal hospital in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021)
SARS-CoV-2 Serosurvey of healthy, privately owned cats presenting to a New York City animal hospital in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) Open
SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, not only infects humans but is also known to infect various species, including domestic and wild animals. While many species have been identified as susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, there a…
View article: A Mechanistic Understanding of the Modes of Ca<sup>2+</sup> Ion Binding to the SARS-CoV-1 Fusion Peptide and Their Role in the Dynamics of Host Membrane Penetration
A Mechanistic Understanding of the Modes of Ca<sup>2+</sup> Ion Binding to the SARS-CoV-1 Fusion Peptide and Their Role in the Dynamics of Host Membrane Penetration Open
The SARS-CoV-1 spike glycoprotein contains a fusion peptide (FP) segment that mediates the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Calcium ions are thought to position the FP optimally for membrane insertion by interacting with negati…
View article: Molecular detection using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing reveals cross-species transmission of feline coronavirus type-1 between a domestic cat and a captive wild felid
Molecular detection using hybridization capture and next-generation sequencing reveals cross-species transmission of feline coronavirus type-1 between a domestic cat and a captive wild felid Open
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection normally causes mild or subclinical signs and is common in domestic cats. However, in some cats, FCoV infection can also lead to the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)—a typically lethal …
View article: Adaptive immune cells are necessary for SARS-CoV-2–induced pathology
Adaptive immune cells are necessary for SARS-CoV-2–induced pathology Open
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the ongoing global pandemic associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Although disease severity correlates with immune dysregulation, the cellular mechanisms …
View article: Toxoplasmal Meningoencephalitis in a 14 Week-Old Shelter Cat with Presumed Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Toxoplasmal Meningoencephalitis in a 14 Week-Old Shelter Cat with Presumed Feline Infectious Peritonitis Open
View article: Analysis of the molecular determinants for furin cleavage of the spike protein S1/S2 site in defined strains of the prototype coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV)
Analysis of the molecular determinants for furin cleavage of the spike protein S1/S2 site in defined strains of the prototype coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV) Open
View article: Detection and characterization of novel luchacoviruses, genus <i>Alphacoronavirus</i> , in saliva and feces of meso-carnivores in the northeastern United States
Detection and characterization of novel luchacoviruses, genus <i>Alphacoronavirus</i> , in saliva and feces of meso-carnivores in the northeastern United States Open
Small- to mid-sized carnivores or meso-carnivores comprise a group of diverse mammals, many of which can adapt to anthropogenically disturbed environments. Wild meso-carnivores living in urban areas may get exposed to or spread pathogens t…