Gerald Kidd
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View article: Judging the Number and Gender of Talkers Present in an Auditory Scene Aided by Acoustic Beamforming
Judging the Number and Gender of Talkers Present in an Auditory Scene Aided by Acoustic Beamforming Open
The perceived numerosity of simultaneous, spatially separated speech sources was used to evaluate the effectiveness of triple beamformer processing, compared to that of both a single-channel beamformer and natural listening. Participants m…
View article: Compliance With Parathyroid Hormone Analog Medications at a Single Osteoporosis Treatment Center
Compliance With Parathyroid Hormone Analog Medications at a Single Osteoporosis Treatment Center Open
Background Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and is more common in female patients and the elderly. The costs associated with osteoporotic fractures present a significant burden on the healthcare system. While effectiv…
View article: Musical training does not enhance neural sound encoding at early stages of the auditory system: A large-scale multisite investigation
Musical training does not enhance neural sound encoding at early stages of the auditory system: A large-scale multisite investigation Open
Musical training has been associated with enhanced neural processing of sounds, as measured via the frequency following response (FFR), implying the potential for human subcortical neural plasticity. We conducted a large-scale multi-site p…
View article: On the lipid dependence of bacterial mechanosensitive channel gating in situ
On the lipid dependence of bacterial mechanosensitive channel gating in situ Open
For bacterial mechanosensitive channels acting as turgor-adjusting osmolyte release valves, membrane tension is the primary stimulus driving opening transitions. Because tension is transmitted through the surrounding lipid bilayer, it is p…
View article: Individual differences in speech-on-speech masking are correlated with cognitive and visual task performance
Individual differences in speech-on-speech masking are correlated with cognitive and visual task performance Open
Individual differences in spatial tuning for masked target speech identification were determined using maskers that varied in type and proximity to the target source. The maskers were chosen to produce three strengths of informational mask…
View article: Energetic and informational masking place dissociable demands on listening effort: Evidence from simultaneous electroencephalography and pupillometry
Energetic and informational masking place dissociable demands on listening effort: Evidence from simultaneous electroencephalography and pupillometry Open
The task of processing speech masked by concurrent speech/noise can pose a substantial challenge to listeners. However, performance on such tasks may not directly reflect the amount of listening effort they elicit. Changes in pupil size an…
View article: Semantic relatedness and the cocktail party problem in aphasia: A hybrid remote/in-lab study
Semantic relatedness and the cocktail party problem in aphasia: A hybrid remote/in-lab study Open
Background Previous work has found that individuals with aphasia demonstrate impaired performance, relative to controls, on listening tasks where target speech is masked by other intelligible speech (Villard & Kidd, 2019). While this defic…
View article: Strength of target source segregation cues affects the outcome of speech-on-speech masking experiments
Strength of target source segregation cues affects the outcome of speech-on-speech masking experiments Open
In speech-on-speech listening experiments, some means for designating which talker is the “target” must be provided for the listener to perform better than chance. However, the relative strength of the segregation variables designating the…
View article: Cues to reduce modulation informational masking
Cues to reduce modulation informational masking Open
The detectability of target amplitude modulation (AM) can be reduced by masker AM in the same carrier-frequency region. It can be reduced even further, however, if the masker-AM rate is uncertain [Conroy and Kidd, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149, …
View article: Auditory motion as a cue for source segregation and selection in a “cocktail party” listening environment
Auditory motion as a cue for source segregation and selection in a “cocktail party” listening environment Open
Source motion was examined as a cue for segregating concurrent speech or noise sources. In two different headphone-based tasks—motion detection (MD) and speech-on-speech masking (SI)—one source among three was designated as the target only…
View article: Forward masking of spectrotemporal modulation detection
Forward masking of spectrotemporal modulation detection Open
Recent work has suggested that there may be specialized mechanisms in the auditory system for coding spectrotemporal modulations (STMs), tuned to different combinations of spectral modulation frequency, temporal modulation frequency, and S…
View article: The Effects of Uncertainty in Level on Speech-on-Speech Masking
The Effects of Uncertainty in Level on Speech-on-Speech Masking Open
Identification of speech from a "target" talker was measured in a speech-on-speech masking task with two simultaneous "masker" talkers. The overall level of each talker was either fixed or randomized throughout each stimulus presentation t…
View article: Cross-frequency weights in normal and impaired hearing: Stimulus factors, stimulus dimensions, and associations with speech recognition
Cross-frequency weights in normal and impaired hearing: Stimulus factors, stimulus dimensions, and associations with speech recognition Open
Previous studies of level discrimination reported that listeners with high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) place greater weight on high frequencies than normal-hearing (NH) listeners. It is not clear whether these results are i…
View article: Speech intelligibility and talker gender classification with noise-vocoded and tone-vocoded speech
Speech intelligibility and talker gender classification with noise-vocoded and tone-vocoded speech Open
Vocoded speech provides less spectral information than natural, unprocessed speech, negatively affecting listener performance on speech intelligibility and talker gender classification tasks. In this study, young normal-hearing participant…
View article: Informational masking in the modulation domain
Informational masking in the modulation domain Open
Uncertainty regarding the frequency spectrum of a masker can have an adverse effect on the ability to focus selective attention on a target frequency channel, yielding informational masking (IM). This study sought to determine if uncertain…
View article: Benefits of triple acoustic beamforming during speech-on-speech masking and sound localization for bilateral cochlear-implant users
Benefits of triple acoustic beamforming during speech-on-speech masking and sound localization for bilateral cochlear-implant users Open
Bilateral cochlear-implant (CI) users struggle to understand speech in noisy environments despite receiving some spatial-hearing benefits. One potential solution is to provide acoustic beamforming. A headphone-based experiment was conducte…
View article: Uncertainty about amplitude eliminates negative masking in a pure-tone amplitude discrimination experiment
Uncertainty about amplitude eliminates negative masking in a pure-tone amplitude discrimination experiment Open
The role of uncertainty and its reduction in producing the “negative masking” of amplitude increments that is often observed in pure-tone amplitude discrimination experiments using circathreshold pedestals was investigated. It was found th…
View article: Listening effort elicited by energetic versus informational masking
Listening effort elicited by energetic versus informational masking Open
Measuring the listening effort exerted by an individual to understand speech under auditory masking conditions can provide vital information not available from speech intelligibility scores alone. The goal of this study was to compare the …
View article: Enhancing the perceptual segregation and localization of sound sources with a triple beamformer
Enhancing the perceptual segregation and localization of sound sources with a triple beamformer Open
A triple beamformer was developed to exploit the capabilities of the binaural auditory system. The goal was to enhance the perceptual segregation of spatially separated sound sources while preserving source localization. The triple beamfor…
View article: Assessing the benefit of acoustic beamforming for listeners with aphasia using modified psychoacoustic methods
Assessing the benefit of acoustic beamforming for listeners with aphasia using modified psychoacoustic methods Open
Acoustic beamforming has been shown to improve identification of target speech in noisy listening environments for individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. This study examined whether beamforming would provide a similar benefit for ind…
View article: The importance of processing resolution in “ideal time-frequency segregation” of masked speech and the implications for predicting speech intelligibility
The importance of processing resolution in “ideal time-frequency segregation” of masked speech and the implications for predicting speech intelligibility Open
Ideal time-frequency segregation (ITFS) is a signal processing technique that may be used to estimate the energetic and informational components of speech-on-speech masking. A core assumption of ITFS is that it roughly emulates the effects…
View article: Examining the sentence superiority effect for sentences presented and reported in forwards or backwards order
Examining the sentence superiority effect for sentences presented and reported in forwards or backwards order Open
Memory for speech benefits from linguistic structure. Recall is better for sentences than for random strings of words (the “sentence superiority effect”; SSE), and evidence suggests that ongoing speech may be organized advantageously as cl…
View article: Can background noise increase the informational masking in a speech mixture?
Can background noise increase the informational masking in a speech mixture? Open
This study tested the hypothesis that adding noise to a speech mixture may cause both energetic masking by obscuring parts of the target message and informational masking by impeding the segregation of competing voices. The stimulus was th…
View article: Informational masking of negative masking
Informational masking of negative masking Open
Negative masking (NM) is a ubiquitous finding in near-“threshold” psychophysics in which the detectability of a near-threshold signal improves when added to a copy of itself, i.e., a pedestal or masker. One interpretation of NM suggests th…
View article: Hearing-Impaired Listeners Show Reduced Attention to High-Frequency Information in the Presence of Low-Frequency Information
Hearing-Impaired Listeners Show Reduced Attention to High-Frequency Information in the Presence of Low-Frequency Information Open
Many listeners with sensorineural hearing loss have uneven hearing sensitivity across frequencies. This study addressed whether this uneven hearing loss leads to a biasing of attention to different frequency regions. Normal-hearing (NH) an…
View article: An effect of eye position in cocktail party listening
An effect of eye position in cocktail party listening Open
Previous studies have noted an interaction between eye position and auditory spatial attention, including a tendency to look towards the location of an attended sound (even in the absence of useful visual information). There can also be ob…
View article: Predicting individual differences in speech-on-speech intelligibility for listeners with hearing loss
Predicting individual differences in speech-on-speech intelligibility for listeners with hearing loss Open
International audience
View article: Effects of Acquired Aphasia on the Recognition of Speech Under Energetic and Informational Masking Conditions
Effects of Acquired Aphasia on the Recognition of Speech Under Energetic and Informational Masking Conditions Open
Persons with aphasia (PWA) often report difficulty understanding spoken language in noisy environments that require listeners to identify and selectively attend to target speech while ignoring competing background sounds or “maskers.” This…
View article: Energetic and Informational Components of Speech-on-Speech Masking in Binaural Speech Intelligibility and Perceived Listening Effort
Energetic and Informational Components of Speech-on-Speech Masking in Binaural Speech Intelligibility and Perceived Listening Effort Open
Speech perception in complex sound fields can greatly benefit from different unmasking cues to segregate the target from interfering voices. This study investigated the role of three unmasking cues (spatial separation, gender differences, …