Gillian Einstein
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View article: The role of sex, gender, and SSDH in resilience research
The role of sex, gender, and SSDH in resilience research Open
Background When approaching a new research area such as risk and resilience in diverse underrepresented communities, it can be enlightening to turn to an area of diversity in which much research has already been conducted: sex differences,…
View article: Estradiol and hormone therapy: Associations with cognitive and behavioural changes in postmenopausal females
Estradiol and hormone therapy: Associations with cognitive and behavioural changes in postmenopausal females Open
Background Estradiol is an ovarian hormone present during reproductive years. During menopause, estradiol decline may trigger or exacerbate pathological mechanisms of AD. Estrogen‐based hormone therapies (HT), may mitigate cognitive declin…
View article: Inflammation and verbal episodic memory correlate with bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy in early midlife
Inflammation and verbal episodic memory correlate with bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy in early midlife Open
Background Women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 17β‐estradiol loss is related to pathologies of AD including heightened systemic inflammation and reduced performance on verbal episodic memory tasks (Tani e…
View article: The many menopauses: Subjective Cognitive Decline in younger women with bilateral oophorectomy
The many menopauses: Subjective Cognitive Decline in younger women with bilateral oophorectomy Open
Background There are many menopauses varying in their trajectories toward aging and some, dementia. Surgical menopause from early‐life bilateral ovarian removal (BSO), marked by immediate cessation of ovarian hormone production, notably 17…
View article: The combined influence of earlier menopause and cardiac function on brain health
The combined influence of earlier menopause and cardiac function on brain health Open
Background There are many menopauses, all marking a significant endocrine transition characterized by the depletion of ovarian hormones, including estradiol and progesterone. This transition, especially when it occurs earlier than average,…
View article: Exploring sex‐specific risk factors in cognitive decline: a network analysis of modifiable and non‐modifiable determinants
Exploring sex‐specific risk factors in cognitive decline: a network analysis of modifiable and non‐modifiable determinants Open
Background Dementia incidence is projected to nearly triple by 2050 worldwide 1 , posing unique challenges to healthcare systems. Identifying non‐modifiable and modifiable risk factors (RF) is crucial, including sex‐specific factors, given…
View article: Parity and dementia risk: Investigating the associations of number of biological children and cognitive and behavioural impairment in a Canadian sample
Parity and dementia risk: Investigating the associations of number of biological children and cognitive and behavioural impairment in a Canadian sample Open
Background The number of successful pregnancies (i.e., parity), is a sex‐specific factor that may influence susceptibility to cognitive decline and dementia. Evidence suggests a possible non‐linear relationship between parity and risk for …
View article: Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female‐specific factors
Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female‐specific factors Open
Growing evidence underscores the importance of cardiovascular contributions to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD). While sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes are well established, the q…
View article: Sex Differences in Associations of Lewy Body Disease with Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline
Sex Differences in Associations of Lewy Body Disease with Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline Open
Objective To investigate how sex and age at menopause influence the interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Lewy body disease (LBD) neuropathologies, and their associations with cognitive decline. Methods We analyzed data from: (1) …
View article: A roadmap for conducting more inclusive brain resilience research on aging and dementia
A roadmap for conducting more inclusive brain resilience research on aging and dementia Open
Observed variabilities in cognitive and brain aging trajectories may be due to individualized and community-level differences in resilience. This in turn likely interacts with an individual’s biological sex, and sociocultural gender. Howev…
View article: Clarifying our language for better women’s brain health: what do we really mean when we say ‘menopause’ and ‘hormone therapy’?
Clarifying our language for better women’s brain health: what do we really mean when we say ‘menopause’ and ‘hormone therapy’? Open
Summary Interest in women’s brain health has grown rapidly. However, the terms ‘menopause’ and ‘hormone therapy’ have been used as general concepts embracing different types of menopause and treatments. In this editorial, we make a plea fo…
View article: Effects of Early Midlife Ovarian Removal on Medial Temporal Lobe Gray Matter Volume and Recognition Memory
Effects of Early Midlife Ovarian Removal on Medial Temporal Lobe Gray Matter Volume and Recognition Memory Open
Early midlife bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO) is associated with greater Alzheimer's disease risk compared to spontaneous/natural menopause. Previously, we found that participants with BSO had lower volume in the hippocampal dentate …
View article: Menopausal symptom burden as a predictor of mid- to late-life cognitive function and mild behavioral impairment symptoms: A CAN-PROTECT study
Menopausal symptom burden as a predictor of mid- to late-life cognitive function and mild behavioral impairment symptoms: A CAN-PROTECT study Open
Background Recent evidence suggests the experience of menopausal symptoms (i.e., perimenopausal symptoms) may be associated with cognitive and behavioural changes. We investigated these two relationships in a sample of postmenopausal femal…
View article: Use of lecanemab and donanemab in the Canadian healthcare system: Evidence, challenges, and areas for future research
Use of lecanemab and donanemab in the Canadian healthcare system: Evidence, challenges, and areas for future research Open
Lecanemab and donanemab are monoclonal antibody therapies that remove amyloid-beta from the brain. They are the first therapies that alter a fundamental mechanism, amyloid-beta deposition, in Alzheimer disease (AD). To inform Canadian deci…
View article: Unexplored avenues: a narrative review of cognition and mood in postmenopausal African women with female genital circumcision/mutilation/cutting
Unexplored avenues: a narrative review of cognition and mood in postmenopausal African women with female genital circumcision/mutilation/cutting Open
Recent ageing research has projected the lifespan and proportion of postmenopausal women living in low- and middle-income countries to substantially increase over the years, especially on the African continent. An important subgroup within…
View article: Early midlife ovarian removal is associated with lower posterior hippocampal function
Early midlife ovarian removal is associated with lower posterior hippocampal function Open
INTRODUCTION Women with early bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO) have greater Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk than women with spontaneous menopause (SM), but the pathway toward this risk is understudied. Considering associative memory def…
View article: Engaging older adults in the process of aging research: a multimethod study evaluating the experience and efficacy of a citizen advisory group for a dementia risk reduction program
Engaging older adults in the process of aging research: a multimethod study evaluating the experience and efficacy of a citizen advisory group for a dementia risk reduction program Open
Background Collaborative research with end-users is an effective way to generate meaningful research applications and support greater impact on practice and knowledge exchange. To address these needs, a Citizen Advisory Group (CAG) of nine…
View article: Biological sex and multilingualism: The interaction of risk and reserve for dementia
Biological sex and multilingualism: The interaction of risk and reserve for dementia Open
Background Globally, females are at twice the risk of AD than males; in Canada, over 700,000 are living with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRDs), with 72% being female. However, females maintain verbal memory in the face of mo…
View article: Cognitive and behavioral decline predicted by perimenopausal symptoms: A CAN‐PROTECT study
Cognitive and behavioral decline predicted by perimenopausal symptoms: A CAN‐PROTECT study Open
Background Menopause has been associated with greater dementia risk. We investigated the relationship between the presence of specific symptoms experienced during menopause (i.e., perimenopausal symptoms) and later‐life emergence of cognit…
View article: Sex‐specific relationships among risk factors in those with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls
Sex‐specific relationships among risk factors in those with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer’s disease and healthy controls Open
Background Dementia incidence is projected to significantly increase, posing unique challenges to healthcare systems. Identifying non‐modifiable and modifiable risk factors (RF) is crucial, including sex‐specific factors, given the higher …
View article: Use of Lecanemab and Donanemab in the Canadian Healthcare System: Evidence, Challenges, and Areas for Future Research
Use of Lecanemab and Donanemab in the Canadian Healthcare System: Evidence, Challenges, and Areas for Future Research Open
Lecanemab and donanemab are monoclonal antibody therapies that remove amyloid-beta from the brain. They are the first therapies that alter a fundamental mechanism, amyloid-beta deposition, in Alzheimer disease (AD). To inform Canadian deci…
View article: Associated risk and resilience factors of Alzheimer’s disease in women with early bilateral oophorectomy: Data from the UK Biobank
Associated risk and resilience factors of Alzheimer’s disease in women with early bilateral oophorectomy: Data from the UK Biobank Open
Background: Bilateral oophorectomy (BO) confers immediate estradiol loss. We examined prevalence and predictors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in women with early BO comparing their odds ratios of AD to those of women with spontaneous menopau…
View article: Chronic pain experiences of immigrant Indian women in Canada: A photovoice exploration
Chronic pain experiences of immigrant Indian women in Canada: A photovoice exploration Open
This research uncovers the multifaceted nature of chronic pain and identifies the influence of immigration, gender, and social relations on the exacerbation of pain in immigrant Indian women.
View article: Menopausal symptom burden as a predictor of mid- to late-life cognitive function and mild behavioral impairment symptoms: A CAN-PROTECT study
Menopausal symptom burden as a predictor of mid- to late-life cognitive function and mild behavioral impairment symptoms: A CAN-PROTECT study Open
Background Recent evidence suggests the experience of menopausal symptoms (i.e., perimenopausal symptoms) may be associated with cognitive and behavioural changes. We investigated these two relationships in a sample of post-menopausal fema…
View article: The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) Study neuropsychology battery of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA): Design overview and initial validation
The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) Study neuropsychology battery of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging (CCNA): Design overview and initial validation Open
The Comprehensive Assessment of Neurodegeneration and Dementia (COMPASS-ND) is an observational study of 1100+ participants from across the dementia spectrum. We describe the development and features of the Neuropsychological Research Batt…
View article: Gender Selectively Mediates the Association Between Sex and Memory in Cognitively Normal Older Adults
Gender Selectively Mediates the Association Between Sex and Memory in Cognitively Normal Older Adults Open
Background and Objectives Sex and gender are important topics of increasing interest in aging and dementia research. Few studies have jointly examined sex (as a biological attribute) and gender (as a sociocultural and behavioral characteri…
View article: Hippocampal function during an associative memory task is influenced by early bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy
Hippocampal function during an associative memory task is influenced by early bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy Open
Background Women with mid‐life 17β‐estradiol loss due to early bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO; removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes) have heightened Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk (Rocca et al., 2007). 17β‐estradiol loss is related …
View article: Working and episodic memory trajectories over time following bilateral oophorectomy in early midlife women
Working and episodic memory trajectories over time following bilateral oophorectomy in early midlife women Open
Background Early ovarian hormone deprivation due to bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO; ovarian and fallopian tube removal) is a risk for late‐life AD, but estradiol replacement therapy (ERT) may be protective (Rocca et al., 2007). Worki…