Explanipedia

Fine Structure of Relativistic Electron Precipitation Driven by EMIC Waves: CIRBE/REPTile‐2 Measurements and Physical Implications Open

Xiang Zheng, Xinlin Li, D. N. Baker, T. E. Sarris, Hong Zhao , et al. · 2025

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are commonly observed electromagnetic emissions in Earth's magnetosphere and are widely considered to efficiently scatter relativistic electrons into bounce loss cones. However, their precise scat…

Quantifying Radial Diffusion Rate Through Multi-MeV Electron Drift Oscillations Driven by Broadband ULF Waves: A Case Study of the September 2019 Geomagnetic Storm Open

Hong Zhao, T. E. Sarris, Xinlin Li, Declan O’Brien, Rui Chen , et al. · 2025

Community Voices on the Future of Radiation Belt Research: A Summary of the 2024 GEM Radiation Belt Focus Group Round-Table Discussion Open

Hong Zhao, Lauren Blum, A. Y. Ukhorskiy, Xiangrong Fu · 2025

A Comparative Study of the Differential Deep Penetration of Energetic Electrons, Protons, and Heavy Ions Into the Low‐L Region Open

Rui Chen, Hong Zhao, S. Califf, C. Ferradas, Mei‐Ching Fok · 2025

Energetic particle deep penetration into low L‐shells ( L < 4) impacts the dynamics of the radiation belts and ring current. Previous studies reported that electrons penetrate more frequently, deeply, and faster than protons of similar ene…

Nonlinear Proton Dynamics in the Formation of Rising‐Tone EMIC Wave Subpackets Open

Huayue Chen, Xueyi Wang, Y. Lin, Hong Zhao, Chih‐Ping Wang , et al. · 2025

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are commonly observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and play a significant role in regulating relativistic electron fluxes. The waveform of EMIC waves comprises amplitude‐modulated wave packets, kn…

Observations of Fast Local Loss of High‐Energy Ring Current Protons Associated With Deepening Local Minimum in Phase Space Density Open

Rui Chen, Hong Zhao, S. Califf · 2025

The development of a deepening local minimum in phase space density (PSD)‐ profile indicates fast local loss potentially caused by wave‐induced scattering. The identification and characterization of proton PSD deepening minima are importan…

Editorial: The loss and acceleration mechanisms of energetic electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt Open

C. L. Tang, Zheng Xiang, Hong Zhao, Xu Liu · 2025

A New Electron and Proton Radiation Belt Identified by CIRBE/REPTile‐2 Measurements After the Magnetic Super Storm of 10 May 2024 Open

Xinlin Li, Z. Xiang, Yang Mei, Declan O’Brien, David Brennan , et al. · 2025

Following the largest magnetic storm in 20 years (10 May 2024), REPTile‐2 on NASA's CIRBE satellite identified two new radiation belts containing 1.3–5 MeV electrons around L = 2.5–3.5 and 6.8–20 MeV protons around L = 2. The region around…

Radiation Belt Losses: The Long‐Standing Debate Part II Open

Lauren Blum, Frances Staples, Alexander Drozdov, Adam Michael, R. M. Millan , et al. · 2025

On 21 June 2022, during the annual Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) workshop, a panel discussion titled “Radiation Belt Loss: The Long‐Standing Debate Part II” was organized by the focus group “System Understanding of Radiation Belt Par…

Study on the efficiency droop in high-quality GaN material under high photoexcitation intensity Open

Peng Chen, Zili Xie, Xiangqian Xiu, Dunjun Chen, Bin Liu , et al. · 2024

III-V nitride semiconductors, represented by GaN, have attracted significant research attention. Driven by the growing interest in smart micro-displays, there is a strong desire to achieve enhanced light output from even smaller light-emit…

Earth‐Based Transmitters Trigger Precipitation of Inner Radiation Belt Electrons: Unveiling Observations and Modeling Results Open

Z. Xiang, Xinlin Li, D. N. Baker, Yang Mei, Declan O’Brien , et al. · 2024

Human activity influence Earth's environment, including the space environment hundreds to thousands of kilometers above the Earth. One direct evidence is that the 19.8 kHz electromagnetic signals launched by the North West Cape (NWC) trans…

Electron Dynamics Associated With Advection and Diffusion in Self‐Consistent Wave‐Particle Interactions With Oblique Chorus Waves Open

Huayue Chen, Xueyi Wang, Hong Zhao, Y. Lin, Lunjin Chen , et al. · 2024

Chorus waves are intense electromagnetic emissions critical in modulating electron dynamics. In this study, we perform two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations to investigate self‐consistent wave‐particle interactions with oblique chor…

Role of Subauroral Polarization Streams in Deep Injections of Energetic Electrons Into the Inner Magnetosphere Open

R. Goyal, Hong Zhao, S. Califf, J. Goldstein, T. E. Sarris · 2024

The electric fields of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) have been suggested to affect energetic charged particles' dynamics in the inner magnetosphere, though their role on radiation belt electrons has never been properly quantified.…

First Results From REPTile‐2 Measurements Onboard CIRBE Open

Xinlin Li, R. S. Selesnick, Yang Mei, Declan O’Brien, Benjamin Hogan , et al. · 2024

CIRBE (Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment), a 3U CubeSat, was launched on 15 April 2023 into a sun synchronous orbit (97.4° inclination and 509 km altitude). The sole science payload onboard is REPTile‐2 (Relativistic Electron and Pr…

Observations of Relativistic Electron Enhancement and Butterfly Pitch Angle Distributions at Low L (<3) Open

Declan O’Brien, Xinlin Li, Leng Ying Khoo, R. S. Selesnick, Benjamin Hogan , et al. · 2024

Electrons in Earth's outer radiation belt are highly dynamic, with fluxes changing by up to orders of magnitude. The penetration of electrons from the outer belt to the inner belt is one such change observed during geomagnetic storms and w…

A Rapid Dignostic Model for Critical Illness Polyneuropathy Using Electrophysiological Data Open

Yang Liu, Zihan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Yan Wang, Mao Li , et al. · 2024

On the dynamics of ultra-relativistic electrons (>2 MeV) near L* = 3.5 during 8 June 2015 Open

Benjamin Hogan, Xinlin Li, Zheng Xiang, Hong Zhao, Yang Mei , et al. · 2023

Understanding local loss processes in Earth’s radiation belts is critical to understanding their overall structure. Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves can cause rapid loss of multi-MeV electrons in the radiation belts and contribute to an…

The Study on the Lasing Modes Modulated by the Dislocation Distribution in the GaN-Based Microrod Cavities Open

Yuyin Li, Peng Chen, Xianfei Zhang, Ziwen Yan, Tong Xu , et al. · 2023

Low-threshold lasing under pulsed optical pumping is demonstrated in GaN-based microrod cavities at room temperature, which are fabricated on the patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). Because the distribution of threading dislocations (TDs)…

Cross-scale physics and the acceleration of particles in collisionless plasmas throughout the Heliosphere and beyond: III. Radiation belts Open

D. L. Turner, G. Clark, Wen Li, Sasha Ukhorskiy, Lauren Blum , et al. · 2023

Radiation belt systems are found at all the sufficiently magnetized and sized planets in our Solar System (i.e., Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), implying that particle trapping and acceleration in magnetospheric systems is a …

On the Energy‐Dependent Deep (L < 3.5) Penetration of Radiation Belt Electrons Open

Yang Mei, Xinlin Li, Hong Zhao, T. E. Sarris, Leng Ying Khoo , et al. · 2023

Deep penetration of outer radiation belt electrons to low L (<3.5) has long been recognized as an energy‐dependent phenomenon but with limited understanding. The Van Allen Probes measurements have clearly shown energy‐dependent electron pe…

Statistical Analysis of the Differential Deep Penetration of Energetic Electrons and Protons into the Low L Region (L < 4) Open

Hong Zhao, S. Califf, R. Goyal, X. Li, M. Gkioulidou , et al. · 2023

Deep penetration of energetic electrons (10s–100s of keV) to low L ‐shells ( L < 4), as an important source of inner belt electrons, is commonly observed during geomagnetically active times. However, such deep penetration is not observed a…

First Results from REPTile 2 Measurements onboard CIRBE Open

Xinlin Li, R. S. Selesnick, Yang Mei, Declan OʼBrien, Benjamin Hogan , et al. · 2023

This includes the dataset and codes used for the paper titled 'First Results from REPTile 2 Measurements onboard CIRBE‘. This paper is submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.

Statistical Analysis of the Differential Deep Penetration of Energetic Electrons and Protons Into the Low L Region (L<4) Open

Hong Zhao, S. Califf, R. Goyal, Xinlin Li, M. Gkioulidou , et al. · 2022

Deep penetration of energetic electrons (10s-100s of keV) to low L-shells (L<4), as an important source of inner belt electrons, is commonly observed during geomagnetically active times. However, such deep penetration is not observed as fr…

Distribution of ULF Wave Power in Magnetic Latitude and Local Time Using THEMIS and Arase Measurements Open

T. E. Sarris, Xinlin Li, Hong Zhao, Kostis Papadakis, Wenlong Liu , et al. · 2022

Ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves are known to radially diffuse hundreds‐keV to few‐MeV electrons in the magnetosphere, as the range of drift frequencies of such electrons overlaps with the frequencies of the waves, leading to resonant inter…

Differentiating Between the Leading Processes for Electron Radiation Belt Acceleration Open

Solène Lejosne, Hayley Allison, Lauren Blum, Alexander Drozdov, Michael D. Hartinger , et al. · 2022

Many spacecraft fly within or through a natural and variable particle accelerator powered by the coupling between the magnetosphere and the solar wind: the Earth’s radiation belts. Determining the dominant pathways to plasma energization i…

A Neural Network-Based Model of the Relativistic Electrons Fluxes in the Outer Radiation Belt Open

Xiangning Chu, Donglai Ma, Jacob Bortnik, W. Kent Tobiska, Alfredo Cruz , et al. · 2022

We present a machine-learning-based model of relativistic electron fluxes >1.8 MeV using a neural network approach in the Earth's outer radiation belt. The Outer RadIation belt Electron Neural net model for Relativisti…

Statistics of Multi‐MeV Electron Drift‐Periodic Flux Oscillations Using Van Allen Probes Observations Open

Hong Zhao, T. E. Sarris, Xinlin Li, Isabela Huckabee, D. N. Baker , et al. · 2022

Multi‐MeV electron drift‐periodic flux oscillations observed in Earth's radiation belts indicate radial transport and energization/de‐energization of these radiation belt core populations. Using multi‐year Van Allen Probes observations, a …

Radial Transport Versus Local Acceleration: The Long‐Standing Debate Open

Alexander Drozdov, Lauren Blum, Michael D. Hartinger, Hong Zhao, Solène Lejosne , et al. · 2022

On 28 July 2021, within the Geospace Environment Modeling Virtual Summer Workshop, a joint panel discussion organized by the “System Understanding of Radiation Belt Particle Dynamics through Multi‐spacecraft and Ground‐based Observations a…

Storage assignment optimization for fishbone robotic mobile fulfillment systems Open

Yanyan Wang, Rongjun Man, Wanmeng Zhao, Honglin Zhang, Hong Zhao · 2022

Robotic Mobile Fulfillment System (RMFS) affects the traditional scheduling problems heavily while operating a warehouse. This paper focuses on storage assignment optimization for Fishbone Robotic Mobile Fulfilment Systems (FRMFS). Based o…

Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach Open

Xiangning Chu, Donglai Ma, Jacob Bortnik, W. Kent Tobiska, Alfredo Cruz , et al. · 2021

We present a machine‐learning‐based model of relativistic electron fluxes >1.8 MeV using a neural network approach in the Earth's outer radiation belt. The Outer RadIation belt Electron Neural net model for Relativistic electrons (ORIENT‐R…

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