Ida A. Heikura
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View article: Caffeine enhances performance regardless of fueling strategy; however, high carbohydrate availability is associated with improved training speeds compared with ketogenic diet
Caffeine enhances performance regardless of fueling strategy; however, high carbohydrate availability is associated with improved training speeds compared with ketogenic diet Open
The purpose of this study was to confirm reduced training metrics previously associated with a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (CHO) high-fat diet (LCHF) and investigate their attenuation with caffeine supplementation. At baseline, n 21 elite r…
View article: Integrative Field-Based Health and Performance Research: A Narrative Review on Experimental Methods and Logistics to Conduct Competition and Training Camp Studies in Athletes
Integrative Field-Based Health and Performance Research: A Narrative Review on Experimental Methods and Logistics to Conduct Competition and Training Camp Studies in Athletes Open
Field-based sport research involves studies that collect data from athletes and/or teams during competition and/or their daily training environments. Over the last decade, sport-specific field-based research projects have significantly inc…
View article: Boston Marathon athlete performance outcomes and intra-event medical encounter risk associated with low energy availability indicators.
Boston Marathon athlete performance outcomes and intra-event medical encounter risk associated with low energy availability indicators. Open
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between survey-based self-reported problematic low energy availability indicators (LEA-I) and race performance and intra-event medical encounters during the Boston Marathon. METHODS: 1030 runners who…
View article: Boston Marathon athlete performance outcomes and intra-event medical encounter risk associated with low energy availability indicators
Boston Marathon athlete performance outcomes and intra-event medical encounter risk associated with low energy availability indicators Open
Objective To determine the association between survey-based self-reported problematic low energy availability indicators (LEA-I) and race performance and intra-event medical encounters during the Boston Marathon. Methods 1030 runners who w…
View article: Standardising health history and injury surveillance of participants in endurance events: a modified Delphi consensus statement from the AMSSM runner health consortium
Standardising health history and injury surveillance of participants in endurance events: a modified Delphi consensus statement from the AMSSM runner health consortium Open
Endurance events are popular worldwide and have many health benefits. However, runners and Para athletes may sustain musculoskeletal injuries or experience other health consequences from endurance events. The American Medical Society for S…
View article: Beyond Menstrual Dysfunction: Does Altered Endocrine Function Caused by Problematic Low Energy Availability Impair Health and Sports Performance in Female Athletes?
Beyond Menstrual Dysfunction: Does Altered Endocrine Function Caused by Problematic Low Energy Availability Impair Health and Sports Performance in Female Athletes? Open
View article: Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)—by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs
Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: V.2 (IOC REDs CAT2)—by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs Open
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) has various different risk factors, numerous signs and symptoms and is heavily influenced by one’s environment. Accordingly, there is no singular validated diagnostic test. This 2023 International…
View article: Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs
Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs Open
In the past decade, the study of relationships among nutrition, exercise and the effects on health and athletic performance, has substantially increased. The 2014 introduction of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) prompted sports s…
View article: Mapping the complexities of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): development of a physiological model by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus on REDs
Mapping the complexities of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): development of a physiological model by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus on REDs Open
The 2023 International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) notes that exposure to low energy availability (LEA) exists on a continuum between adaptable and problematic LEA, with a range…
View article: Avoiding the ‘REDs Card’. We all have a role in the mitigation of REDs in athletes
Avoiding the ‘REDs Card’. We all have a role in the mitigation of REDs in athletes Open
View article: 2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)
2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Open
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International Olympic Committee’s expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced by female and male ath…
View article: The Impact of a Short-Term Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Biomarkers of Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
The Impact of a Short-Term Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet on Biomarkers of Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Open
Endurance exercise can disturb intestinal epithelial integrity, leading to increased systemic indicators of cell injury, hyperpermeability, and pathogenic translocation. However, the interaction between exercise, diet, and gastrointestinal…
View article: Short Severe Energy Restriction with Refueling Reduces Body Mass without Altering Training-Associated Performance Improvement
Short Severe Energy Restriction with Refueling Reduces Body Mass without Altering Training-Associated Performance Improvement Open
Purpose We investigated short-term (9 d) exposure to low energy availability (LEA) in elite endurance athletes during a block of intensified training on self-reported well-being, body composition, and performance. Methods Twenty-three high…
View article: Direct and indirect impact of low energy availability on sports performance
Direct and indirect impact of low energy availability on sports performance Open
Low energy availability (LEA) occurs inadvertently and purposefully in many athletes across numerous sports; and well planned, supervised periods with moderate LEA can improve body composition and power to weight ratio possibly enhancing p…
View article: Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes
Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes Open
We implemented a multi-pronged strategy (MAX) involving chronic (2 weeks high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut-training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g·h−1 CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, c…
View article: Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers
Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers Open
Given the importance of exercise economy to endurance performance, we implemented two strategies purported to reduce the oxygen cost of exercise within a 4 week training camp in 21 elite male race walkers. Fourteen athletes undertook a cro…
View article: Energetic Demands and Nutritional Strategies of Elite Cross-Country Skiers During Tour de Ski: A Narrative Review
Energetic Demands and Nutritional Strategies of Elite Cross-Country Skiers During Tour de Ski: A Narrative Review Open
View article: Bone turnover markers in response to short-term high energy availability high carbohydrate or ketogenic, or low energy availability diets in elite athletes
Bone turnover markers in response to short-term high energy availability high carbohydrate or ketogenic, or low energy availability diets in elite athletes Open
This study has been submitted for publication. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committees of the Australian Institute of Sport (ref: 20181203) and the Australian Catholic University (ref: 2020-238HC). This study took place ove…
View article: Bone turnover markers in response to short-term high energy availability high carbohydrate or ketogenic, or low energy availability diets in elite athletes
Bone turnover markers in response to short-term high energy availability high carbohydrate or ketogenic, or low energy availability diets in elite athletes Open
This study has been submitted for publication. Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committees of the Australian Institute of Sport (ref: 20181203) and the Australian Catholic University (ref: 2020-238HC). This study took place ove…
View article: Sustained Exposure to High Carbohydrate Availability Does Not Influence Iron-Regulatory Responses in Elite Endurance Athletes
Sustained Exposure to High Carbohydrate Availability Does Not Influence Iron-Regulatory Responses in Elite Endurance Athletes Open
This study implemented a 2-week high carbohydrate (CHO) diet intended to maximize CHO oxidation rates and examined the iron-regulatory response to a 26-km race walking effort. Twenty international-level, male race walkers were assigned to …
View article: Short-Term Carbohydrate Restriction Impairs Bone Formation at Rest and During Prolonged Exercise to a Greater Degree than Low Energy Availability
Short-Term Carbohydrate Restriction Impairs Bone Formation at Rest and During Prolonged Exercise to a Greater Degree than Low Energy Availability Open
Bone stress injuries are common in athletes, resulting in time lost from training and competition. Diets that are low in energy availability have been associated with increased circulating bone resorption and reduced bone formation markers…
View article: Acute Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Ester Supplementation Impairs Race Walk Performance
Acute Ketogenic Diet and Ketone Ester Supplementation Impairs Race Walk Performance Open
The consumption of a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (CHO), high-fat (LCHF) diet increases skeletal muscle fat utilization but impairs exercise economy. Whether the concomitant increase in circulating endogenous ketone bodies (KB) alters the ca…
View article: Dietary periodisation for health and performance in world-class endurance athletes
Dietary periodisation for health and performance in world-class endurance athletes Open
Periodisation – defined as the systematic planning and sequencing of training blocks across macro, meso and micro cycles of training and racing as a means to optimise athletic adaptation and performance – has been implemented by coaches to…
View article: Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability
Adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet is rapid but impairs endurance exercise metabolism and performance despite enhanced glycogen availability Open
Key points Brief (5–6 days) adaptation to a low carbohydrate high fat diet in elite athletes increased exercise fat oxidation to rates previously observed with medium (3–4 weeks) or chronic (>12 months) adherence to this diet, with metabol…
View article: Correction: Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible
Correction: Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible Open
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234027.].
View article: Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible
Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible Open
Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12619000794101.
View article: A Short-Term Ketogenic Diet Impairs Markers of Bone Health in Response to Exercise
A Short-Term Ketogenic Diet Impairs Markers of Bone Health in Response to Exercise Open
Objectives: To investigate diet-exercise interactions related to bone markers in elite endurance athletes after a 3.5-week ketogenic low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet and subsequent restoration of carbohydrate (CHO) feeding.
View article: Nutrition and Altitude: Strategies to Enhance Adaptation, Improve Performance and Maintain Health: A Narrative Review
Nutrition and Altitude: Strategies to Enhance Adaptation, Improve Performance and Maintain Health: A Narrative Review Open
Training at low to moderate altitudes (~ 1600–2400 m) is a common approach used by endurance athletes to provide a distinctive environmental stressor to augment training stimulus in the anticipation of increasing subsequent altitude- and s…
View article: Influence of Periodizing Dietary Carbohydrate on Iron Regulation and Immune Function in Elite Triathletes
Influence of Periodizing Dietary Carbohydrate on Iron Regulation and Immune Function in Elite Triathletes Open
Sleeping with low carbohydrate (CHO) availability is a dietary strategy that may enhance training adaptation. However, the impact on an athlete’s health is unclear. This study quantified the effect of a short-term “sleep-low” dietary inter…
View article: Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique
Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique Open
The reported prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in female and male track and field athletes is between 18% and 58% with the highest prevalence among athletes in endurance and jump events. In male athletes, LEA may result in reduce…