Jacob D. Estes
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Selective infection and loss of PRDM1+ LN Tfh cells in uncontrolled HIV infection precludes formation of Tfh reservoirs under ART Open
The multifaceted and long-lived nature of HIV-1 reservoirs has proven to be a formidable obstacle in the development of a therapeutic cure of HIV-1. One of the major dimensions of the HIV-1 reservoir is its prevalence and persistence in ti…
View article: A Zika Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Mitigates Early Pregnancy Loss In Rhesus Macaques
A Zika Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Mitigates Early Pregnancy Loss In Rhesus Macaques Open
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne Orthoflavivirus that caused a major outbreak in the Americas in 2015-16. In Brazil, up to 46% of ZIKV positive pregnancies resulted in congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). CZS is characterized by a wide r…
View article: Identification of initial sites of SIV rebound after treatment cessation
Identification of initial sites of SIV rebound after treatment cessation Open
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suspends HIV replication, but virus persists and rebounds after ART discontinuation. Although much is known about the persistent viral population, the tissue origin(s) and the earliest viral dynamics of post-AR…
View article: Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques Open
Worldwide, nearly two million children are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with breastfeeding accounting for the majority of contemporary HIV transmissions. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced HIV-related morbidity a…
View article: Correction for Mavigner et al., “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques”
Correction for Mavigner et al., “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques” Open
Correction to “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques”
View article: Correction for Mavigner et al., “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques”
Correction for Mavigner et al., “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques” Open
Correction to “Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence in Cellular and Anatomic Reservoirs in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Infant Rhesus Macaques”
View article: A Foundation Model for Spatial Proteomics
A Foundation Model for Spatial Proteomics Open
Foundation models have begun to transform image analysis by acting as pretrained generalist backbones that can be adapted to many tasks even when post-training data are limited, yet their impact on spatial proteomics, imaging that maps pro…
View article: Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV
Neuroinflammation associated with proviral DNA persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV Open
Despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV (PWH) continue to exhibit brain pathology, and ~20% of individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. However, the state of cellular activation in t…
View article: SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques
SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques Open
An understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A key una…
Contribution of intact viral genomes persisting in blood and tissues during ART to plasma viral rebound in SHIV-infected rhesus macaques Open
Persistent SIV/HIV reservoirs are the primary obstacle to a cure and the source of viral rebound after ART interruption (ATI). However, the anatomical source of viral rebound remains elusive. Here, we characterized the proviral landscape i…
Meeting Summary for Keystone Symposia on HIV Cure: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)-Free Control of HIV Infection in Durban, South Africa, 2025. Open
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication; however, lifelong treatment is required due to viral reservoirs, which fuel viral rebound. This necessitates curative interventions that c…
Rapid systemic spread and minimal immune responses following SIVsab intrarectal transmission in African green monkeys Open
African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural hosts of SIV whose infection does not progress to AIDS. Since early events of infection may be critical to pathogenesis in nonnatural hosts, we investigated early SIV infection in 29 adult male AGMs…
View article: Impact of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine as First-line Antiretroviral Treatment on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir and Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood
Impact of Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine as First-line Antiretroviral Treatment on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoir and Inflammatory Markers in Peripheral Blood Open
Background To compare the effects of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) with dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG + 3TC) versus dolutegravir plus emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (DTG + FTC/TAF) on the human immunodeficiency virus typ…
Dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 leads to control of SIV viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption Open
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with heightened plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels and PD-1 expression. We hypothesized that IL-10 and PD-1 blockade would lead to control o…
View article: Impact of alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion on SIV reservoir establishment and persistence
Impact of alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion on SIV reservoir establishment and persistence Open
Persistence of the rebound-competent viral reservoir (RCVR) within the CD4 + T cell compartment of people living with HIV remains a major barrier to HIV cure. Here, we determined the effects of the pan-lymphocyte-depleting monoclonal antib…
View article: HIV transcription persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV
HIV transcription persists in the brain of virally suppressed people with HIV Open
HIV persistence in the brain is a barrier to cure, and potentially contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Whether HIV transcription persists in the brain despite viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and is s…
View article: Engineered deletions of HIV replicate conditionally to reduce disease in nonhuman primates
Engineered deletions of HIV replicate conditionally to reduce disease in nonhuman primates Open
Antiviral therapies with reduced frequencies of administration and high barriers to resistance remain a major goal. For HIV, theories have proposed that viral-deletion variants, which conditionally replicate with a basic reproductive ratio…
View article: Dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 leads to control of SIV viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption.
Dual blockade of IL-10 and PD-1 leads to control of SIV viral rebound following analytical treatment interruption. Open
HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with heightened plasma IL-10 levels and the expression of the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. We hypothesized that IL-10 and PD-1 blockade would synergize to boost immune funct…
View article: Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques
Modulation of type I interferon responses potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and inflammation in rhesus macaques Open
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of innate control of viral infections but also drive the recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of infection, a key feature of severe coronavirus disease 2019. Here, IFN-I signaling was…
View article: Regional Analysis of Intact and Defective HIV Proviruses in the Brain of Viremic and Virally Suppressed People with HIV
Regional Analysis of Intact and Defective HIV Proviruses in the Brain of Viremic and Virally Suppressed People with HIV Open
Here, we provide the first regional analysis of intact and defective HIV reservoirs within the brain. Brain tissue from both viremic and virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH) harbored HIV pol DNA in all regions tested, with lower levels…
Correction: Tracking the Luminal Exposure and Lymphatic Drainage Pathways of Intravaginal and Intrarectal Inocula Used in Nonhuman Primate Models of HIV Transmission Open
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092830.].
View article: Lymph-Node-Based CD3 <sup>+</sup> CD20 <sup>+</sup> Cells Emerge from Membrane Exchange between T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells and Increase Their Frequency following Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Lymph-Node-Based CD3 <sup>+</sup> CD20 <sup>+</sup> Cells Emerge from Membrane Exchange between T Follicular Helper Cells and B Cells and Increase Their Frequency following Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Open
The HIV reservoir is largely composed of latently infected memory CD4 + T cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy and constitute a major barrier toward HIV eradication. In particular, CD4 + T follicular helper cells have been demo…
LAIR-1 expression on SIV-specific CD8 T cells is associated with T cell impairment and disease progression Open
Functional impairment of CD8 T cells is characteristic of chronic HIV infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells undergo exhaustion, lose effector function and fail to control the virus. Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), a transme…
View article: Correction: Mitigation of endemic GI-tract pathogen-mediated inflammation through development of multimodal treatment regimen and its impact on SIV acquisition in rhesus macaques
Correction: Mitigation of endemic GI-tract pathogen-mediated inflammation through development of multimodal treatment regimen and its impact on SIV acquisition in rhesus macaques Open
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009565.].