James Melrose
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View article: The Potential of Bioactive Plant Phytochemicals, Pro-Resolving Anti-Inflammatory Lipids, and Statins in the Inhibition of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Low Back Pain Resolution, Disc Functional Repair, and Promotion of Intervertebral Disc Regeneration
The Potential of Bioactive Plant Phytochemicals, Pro-Resolving Anti-Inflammatory Lipids, and Statins in the Inhibition of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Low Back Pain Resolution, Disc Functional Repair, and Promotion of Intervertebral Disc Regeneration Open
This comprehensive narrative review of bioactive plant compounds, pro-resolving anti-inflammatory lipids, and statins shows their potential in the inhibition of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), pain resolution, tissue repair, and d…
View article: The Impact of the Ovine Annular Lesion Model on <scp>IVD</scp> Pathobiology and Utility of the Ovine Spinal Model in Patho‐Anatomical Studies: A Historical Perspective
The Impact of the Ovine Annular Lesion Model on <span>IVD</span> Pathobiology and Utility of the Ovine Spinal Model in Patho‐Anatomical Studies: A Historical Perspective Open
This review documents the impact of the Osti ovine annular lesion model of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration on the elucidation of degenerative changes in the ovine IVD also seen in human IVD degeneration (IVDD). The degenerative path…
View article: COMP Is a Biomarker of Cartilage Destruction, Extracellular Matrix and Vascular Remodeling and Tissue Repair
COMP Is a Biomarker of Cartilage Destruction, Extracellular Matrix and Vascular Remodeling and Tissue Repair Open
This review covers the roles of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), an established biomarker of cartilage breakdown in pathological tissues in osteoarthritis, and in emerging areas in extracellular matrix and vascular remodeling as…
View article: A Conceptual Review of Naturally Occurring Toxins and Venoms as Peptide Blockers to Combat Chronic Low Back Pain
A Conceptual Review of Naturally Occurring Toxins and Venoms as Peptide Blockers to Combat Chronic Low Back Pain Open
Background One of the significant putative causes of low back pain (LBP) is degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Degenerated discs exhibit loss of proteoglycans, notably aggrecan, leading to mechanical dysfunction and aberrant ne…
View article: Keratan Sulfate Is a Multifunctional Brain Glycosaminoglycan With Instructive Capabilities
Keratan Sulfate Is a Multifunctional Brain Glycosaminoglycan With Instructive Capabilities Open
Keratan sulfate (KS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) with unique functions including electroconductive properties that support neurotransmission. KS‐proteoglycans contribute to tissue stabilization and functional organization, and have divers…
View article: The biodiversity of KS-proteoglycans in cellular regulation and tissue function: emerging bioregulatory roles for low sulfation proteoglycans and bioconjugates
The biodiversity of KS-proteoglycans in cellular regulation and tissue function: emerging bioregulatory roles for low sulfation proteoglycans and bioconjugates Open
The aim of this study was to illustrate the biodiverse properties of keratan sulfate (KS) proteoglycans (PGs), their varied functions in tissues, and emerging roles for low sulfation isoforms of KSPGs now detectable due to the development …
View article: Glycosaminoglycans, Instructive Biomolecules That Regulate Cellular Activity and Synaptic Neuronal Control of Specific Tissue Functional Properties
Glycosaminoglycans, Instructive Biomolecules That Regulate Cellular Activity and Synaptic Neuronal Control of Specific Tissue Functional Properties Open
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a diverse family of ancient biomolecules that evolved over millennia as key components in the glycocalyx that surrounds all cells. GAGs have molecular recognition and cell instructive properties when attached …
View article: Biomimetic Proteoglycans for Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Regeneration
Biomimetic Proteoglycans for Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Regeneration Open
Intervertebral disc degeneration, which leads to low back pain, is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition worldwide, significantly impairing quality of life and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens on affected individuals. A ma…
View article: Amyloid, A Jekyll and Hyde Molecule, Induces Neuronal Decline and Cognitive Dysfunction but is also a Unique Molecular Template used in Nano-Electronics, Light Capture Photovoltaics, Biosensors and in Neuromorphic Computing
Amyloid, A Jekyll and Hyde Molecule, Induces Neuronal Decline and Cognitive Dysfunction but is also a Unique Molecular Template used in Nano-Electronics, Light Capture Photovoltaics, Biosensors and in Neuromorphic Computing Open
This study, examined the self-assembly of amyloid peptides β-40 or β-42 to form neurotoxic plaque and neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal dysfunction and diseases of cognitive decline (e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington's disease).…
View article: Advanced Innovative Amyloid Fibril Nanotechnological Applications: β-Sheet Proteins, Protein Aggregation, Cognitive Decline, Microbiome Regulated Tau Protein Release, Photo-Pharmacological Drug Regulation and Development of High Performance Surgical Adhesives
Advanced Innovative Amyloid Fibril Nanotechnological Applications: β-Sheet Proteins, Protein Aggregation, Cognitive Decline, Microbiome Regulated Tau Protein Release, Photo-Pharmacological Drug Regulation and Development of High Performance Surgical Adhesives Open
Amyloid self-assembled from amyloid peptides β-40 or β-42 is notorious due to the neurotoxic effects of β- oligomers in plaque and neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal dysfunction and diseases of cognitive decline such as Alzheimer’s, or Park…
View article: Dystroglycan-HSPG interactions provide synaptic plasticity and specificity
Dystroglycan-HSPG interactions provide synaptic plasticity and specificity Open
Aim: This study examined the roles of the laminin and proteoglycan receptor dystroglycan (DG) in extracellular matrix stabilization and cellular mechanosensory processes conveyed through communication between the extracellular matrix (ECM)…
View article: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in pathological protein aggregation and brain functionality
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in pathological protein aggregation and brain functionality Open
Proteoglycans are highly specialized proteins with specific interactive modules in their core proteins, allowing them to engage with a diverse range of cellular and structural proteins, contributing to many varied roles in cell processes. …
View article: Impaired instructive and protective barrier functions of the endothelial cell glycocalyx pericellular matrix is impacted in <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 disease
Impaired instructive and protective barrier functions of the endothelial cell glycocalyx pericellular matrix is impacted in <span>COVID</span>‐19 disease Open
The aim of this study was to review the roles of endothelial cells in normal tissue function and to show how COVID‐19 disease impacts on endothelial cell properties that lead to much of its associated symptomatology. This places the endoth…
View article: <scp>CNS</scp> / <scp>PNS</scp> proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity
<span>CNS</span> / <span>PNS</span> proteoglycans functionalize neuronal and astrocyte niche microenvironments optimizing cellular activity by preserving membrane polarization dynamics, ionic microenvironments, ion fluxes, neuronal activation, and network neurotransductive capacity Open
Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) proteoglycans (PGs) have diverse functional roles, this study examined how these control cellular behavior and tissue function. The CNS/PNS extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic, responsive…
View article: Amyloid, a Jekyll and Hyde Molecule Inducing Neuronal Decline and Cognitive Dysfunction is Also a Unique Molecular Template used in Nano-electronics, Light Capture Photovoltaics, and Biosensors in Neuromorphic Computing.
Amyloid, a Jekyll and Hyde Molecule Inducing Neuronal Decline and Cognitive Dysfunction is Also a Unique Molecular Template used in Nano-electronics, Light Capture Photovoltaics, and Biosensors in Neuromorphic Computing. Open
Amyloid self-assembled from amyloid peptides βΑ40 or βΑ42 is notorious for its neurotoxic effects in plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formations leading to neuron dysfunction and diseases of cognitive decline (e.g. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’…
View article: Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease
Lumican, a Multifunctional Cell Instructive Biomarker Proteoglycan Has Novel Roles as a Marker of the Hypercoagulative State of Long Covid Disease Open
This study has reviewed the many roles of lumican as a biomarker of tissue pathology in health and disease. Lumican is a structure regulatory proteoglycan of collagen-rich tissues, with cell instructive properties through interactions with…
View article: Keratan sulfate, an electrosensory neurosentient bioresponsive cell instructive glycosaminoglycan
Keratan sulfate, an electrosensory neurosentient bioresponsive cell instructive glycosaminoglycan Open
The roles of keratan sulfate (KS) as a proton detection glycosaminoglycan in neurosensory processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems is reviewed. The functional properties of the KS-proteoglycans aggrecan, phosphacan, podocaly…
View article: The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour
The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour Open
This review examines the roles of HS–proteoglycans (HS–PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in hea…
View article: Erratum to: The neural correlates of value representation: From single items to bundles
Erratum to: The neural correlates of value representation: From single items to bundles Open
View article: Hyaluronan hydrates and compartmentalises the <scp>CNS</scp>/<scp>PNS</scp> extracellular matrix and provides niche environments conducive to the optimisation of neuronal activity
Hyaluronan hydrates and compartmentalises the <span>CNS</span>/<span>PNS</span> extracellular matrix and provides niche environments conducive to the optimisation of neuronal activity Open
The central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) extracellular matrix is a dynamic and highly interactive space‐filling, cell‐supportive, matrix‐stabilising, hydrating entity that creates and maintains tissue compartments to …
View article: Pentosan Polysulfate Affords Pleotropic Protection to Multiple Cells and Tissues
Pentosan Polysulfate Affords Pleotropic Protection to Multiple Cells and Tissues Open
Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a small semi-synthetic highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS)-like molecule, shares many of the interactive properties of HS. The aim of this review was to outline the potential of PPS as an interventional therape…
View article: The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline
The Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid Metabolites in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Pathology in Disorders of Cognitive Decline Open
Flavonoids are a biodiverse family of dietary compounds that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial cell protective profiles. They have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in biomedici…
View article: HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease
HS, an Ancient Molecular Recognition and Information Storage Glycosaminoglycan, Equips HS-Proteoglycans with Diverse Matrix and Cell-Interactive Properties Operative in Tissue Development and Tissue Function in Health and Disease Open
Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a number of modifications (acetylation, de-acetylation, epimer…
View article: High Performance Marine and Terrestrial Bioadhesives and the Biomedical Applications They Have Inspired
High Performance Marine and Terrestrial Bioadhesives and the Biomedical Applications They Have Inspired Open
This study has reviewed the naturally occurring bioadhesives produced in marine and freshwater aqueous environments and in the mucinous exudates of some terrestrial animals which have remarkable properties providing adhesion under difficul…
View article: Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline
Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline Open
The aim of this review is to highlight the beneficial attributes of flavonoids, a diverse family of widely-distributed polyphenolic phytochemicals that have beneficial cell and tissue protective properties. Phytochemicals are widely distri…
View article: Xylan Prebiotics and the Gut Microbiome Promote Health and Wellbeing: Potential Novel Roles for Pentosan Polysulfate
Xylan Prebiotics and the Gut Microbiome Promote Health and Wellbeing: Potential Novel Roles for Pentosan Polysulfate Open
This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal husbandry, prebiotic xylans aid in the maintenance of a healthy gut mi…
View article: Fractone Stem Cell Niche Components Provide Intuitive Clues in the Design of New Therapeutic Procedures/Biomatrices for Neural Repair
Fractone Stem Cell Niche Components Provide Intuitive Clues in the Design of New Therapeutic Procedures/Biomatrices for Neural Repair Open
The aim of this study was to illustrate recent developments in neural repair utilizing hyaluronan as a carrier of olfactory bulb stem cells and in new bioscaffolds to promote neural repair. Hyaluronan interacts with brain hyalectan proteog…
View article: Perlecan, A Multi-Functional, Cell-Instructive, Matrix-Stabilizing Proteoglycan With Roles in Tissue Development Has Relevance to Connective Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Perlecan, A Multi-Functional, Cell-Instructive, Matrix-Stabilizing Proteoglycan With Roles in Tissue Development Has Relevance to Connective Tissue Repair and Regeneration Open
This review highlights the multifunctional properties of perlecan (HSPG2) and its potential roles in repair biology. Perlecan is ubiquitous, occurring in vascular, cartilaginous, adipose, lymphoreticular, bone and bone marrow stroma and in…
View article: Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis
Regulation of FGF-2, FGF-18 and Transcription Factor Activity by Perlecan in the Maturational Development of Transitional Rudiment and Growth Plate Cartilages and in the Maintenance of Permanent Cartilage Homeostasis Open
The aim of this study was to highlight the roles of perlecan in the regulation of the development of the rudiment developmental cartilages and growth plate cartilages, and also to show how perlecan maintains permanent articular cartilage h…
View article: Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs
Neural Tissue Homeostasis and Repair Is Regulated via CS and DS Proteoglycan Motifs Open
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in matrix stabilization and cellular regulation. This chapter highl…