Jay Clausen
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View article: Discriminating buried munitions based on physical models for their thermal response
Discriminating buried munitions based on physical models for their thermal response Open
Munitions and other objects buried near the Earth’s surface can often be recognized in infrared imagery because their thermal and radiative properties differ from the surrounding undisturbed soil. However, the evolution of the thermal sign…
View article: Predicting soil moisture content using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs)
Predicting soil moisture content using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) Open
Environmental conditions such as the near-surface soil moisture content are valuable information in object detection problems. However, such information is generally unobtainable at the necessary scale without active sensing. Richards’ equ…
View article: Comparison of the quantitation of heavy metals in soil using handheld LIBS, XRFS, and ICP-OES
Comparison of the quantitation of heavy metals in soil using handheld LIBS, XRFS, and ICP-OES Open
Handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging analytical technique that shows the potential to replace X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRFS) in the field characterization of soils containing heavy metals. This study …
View article: Buried-object-detection improvements incorporating environmental phenomenology into signature physics
Buried-object-detection improvements incorporating environmental phenomenology into signature physics Open
The ability to detect buried objects is critical for the Army. Therefore, this report summarizes the fourth year of an ongoing study to assess environ-mental phenomenological conditions affecting probability of detection and false alarm ra…
View article: Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection—Phase 3
Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection—Phase 3 Open
The present effort (Phase 3) builds on our previously published prior efforts (Phases 1 and 2), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried object detection. En…
View article: Environmental impact of metals resulting from military training activities : a review
Environmental impact of metals resulting from military training activities : a review Open
The deposition of metals into the environment as a result of military training activities remains a longterm concern for Defense organizations across the globe. Of particular concern for deposition and potential mobilization are antimony (…
View article: A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS
A comparison of handheld field chemical sensors for soil characterization with a focus on LIBS Open
Commercially available handheld chemical analyzers for forensic applications have been available for over a decade. Portable systems from multiple vendors can perform X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier trans…
View article: Spatial and temporal variance of soil and meteorological properties affecting sensor performance—Phase 2
Spatial and temporal variance of soil and meteorological properties affecting sensor performance—Phase 2 Open
An approach to increasing sensor performance and detection reliability for buried objects is to better understand which physical processes are dominant under certain environmental conditions. The present effort (Phase 2) builds on our prev…
View article: Methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil/sediment, and tissue matrices
Methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil/sediment, and tissue matrices Open
Currently, no standard method exists for analyzing insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices, with or without concurrent legacy munition compounds, resulting in potentially inaccurate determinations. The primary objecti…
View article: Preparative, extraction, and analytical methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil or sediment, and tissue matrices
Preparative, extraction, and analytical methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil or sediment, and tissue matrices Open
No standard method exists for determining levels of insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices. This project resulted in new methods of extraction, analytical separation and quantitation of 17 legacy and 7 IM compounds, …
View article: VI preferential pathways : rule or exception
VI preferential pathways : rule or exception Open
Trichloroethylene (TCE) releases from leaks and spills next to a large government building occurred over several decades with the most recent event occurring 20 years ago. In response to a perceived conventional vapor intrusion (VI) issue …
View article: Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues
Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues Open
Metallic residues are distributed heterogeneously onto small-arms range soils from projectile fragmentation upon impact with a target or berm backstop. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) can address the spatially heterogeneous contamin…
View article: Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection
Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection Open
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of environmental phenomonology on the ability to detect buried objects and to provide a predictive capability of when targets are best detectable with IR sensors. Jay Clausen presente…
View article: Modeling of a multi-month thermal IR study
Modeling of a multi-month thermal IR study Open
Inconsistent and unacceptable probability of detection (PD) and false alarm rates (FAR) due to varying environmental conditions hamper buried object detection. A 4-month study evaluated the environmental parameters impacting standoff therm…
View article: Meteorological property and temporal variable effect on spatial semivariance of infrared thermography of soil surfaces for detection of foreign objects
Meteorological property and temporal variable effect on spatial semivariance of infrared thermography of soil surfaces for detection of foreign objects Open
The environmental phenomenological properties responsible for the thermal variability evident in the use of thermal infrared (IR) sensor systems is not well understood. The research objective of this work is to understand the environmental…
View article: Application of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for environmental, chemical, and biological sensing
Application of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for environmental, chemical, and biological sensing Open
The Army is interested in sensors capable of characterizing/monitoring the environment (battlefield or military training ranges) at proximal distances. Recently, we evaluated laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems (hand-held, …
View article: Detection Limits of Trinitrotoluene and Ammonium Nitrate in Soil by Raman Spectroscopy
Detection Limits of Trinitrotoluene and Ammonium Nitrate in Soil by Raman Spectroscopy Open
The detection limit of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and ammonium nitrate (AN) in mixtures of Ottawa sand (OS) was studied using a Raman microscope applying conventional calibration curves, Pearson correlation coefficients, and two-sample t-…
View article: Application of Incremental Sampling Methodology for subsurface sampling
Application of Incremental Sampling Methodology for subsurface sampling Open
Historically, researchers studying contaminated sites have used grab sampling to collect soil samples. However, this methodology can introduce error in the analysis because it does not account for the wide variations of contaminant concent…
View article: The effectiveness of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a quantitative tool for environmental characterization
The effectiveness of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a quantitative tool for environmental characterization Open
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid, low-cost analytical method with potential applications for quantitative analysis of soils for heavy metal contaminants found in military ranges. The Department of Defense (DoD), Army,…
View article: Multianalyzer Spectroscopic Data Fusion for Soil Characterization
Multianalyzer Spectroscopic Data Fusion for Soil Characterization Open
The ability to rapidly conduct in-situ chemical analysis of multiple samples of soil and other geological materials in the field offers many advantages over a traditional approach that involves collecting samples for subsequent examination…
View article: Spatial and temporal variance in the thermal response of buried objects
Spatial and temporal variance in the thermal response of buried objects Open
Probability of detection and false alarm rates for current military sensor systems used for detecting buried objects are often unacceptable.One approach to increasing sensor performance and detection reliability is to better understand whi…
View article: Assessment for soil reuse standards at McMurdo Station
Assessment for soil reuse standards at McMurdo Station Open
The soils at McMurdo Station in Antarctica contain hydrocarbons derived from accidental fuel spills and industrial development.The current practice for contaminated soils is to remove any material with concentrations greater than 100 mg/kg…
View article: Fenton’s Reagent treatability study for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, McMurdo Station, Antarctica
Fenton’s Reagent treatability study for hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, McMurdo Station, Antarctica Open
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soil is distributed heterogeneously at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, which has served for over 60 years as the logistics hub for the U.S. Antarctic Program.Here we investigated the treatability of McMurdo Station's …
View article: Matrix and target particle-size effects on LIBS analysis of soils
Matrix and target particle-size effects on LIBS analysis of soils Open
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapid, low-cost analytical method with potential applications in quantitative analysis of soils for major and trace elements.Here we examined the effects of matrix and target particle sizes …
View article: Joint Base Cape Cod small-arms ranges : lead and antimony batch-reaction study
Joint Base Cape Cod small-arms ranges : lead and antimony batch-reaction study Open
The results and documentation in this report summarize work supporting the Joint Base Cape Cod Camp Edwards Small-Arms Ranges (JBCC SARs) assessment of the potential for lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) to migrate in soil and soil solutions.Bat…
View article: Munition penetration-depth prediction : SERDP SEED Project MR-2629
Munition penetration-depth prediction : SERDP SEED Project MR-2629 Open
Existing models for predicting the penetration depth of munitions and explosives of concern are inaccurate and insufficient from a user (range manager, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project manager, or environmental consultant) operability …
View article: Passive gamma-ray emission for underwater sediment-disturbance detection
Passive gamma-ray emission for underwater sediment-disturbance detection Open
Sediment erosion around physical structures in surface water (e.g., bridge footings) is an important phenomenon to monitor.Traditional assessment methods rely on divers to make physical observations and measurements.Often, high currents an…
View article: Passive gamma-ray emission for soil-disturbance detection
Passive gamma-ray emission for soil-disturbance detection Open
Human–terrain interactions, such as trafficking and excavation, cause changes to soil bulk density and porosity via compaction or mechanical bulking. The degree of compaction, as measured by bulk density, is a physical indicator of changin…
View article: Impact of Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) on metals bioavailability
Impact of Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) on metals bioavailability Open
This study assessed the impact of the incremental sampling methodology (ISM) on metals bioavailability through a series of digestion and in vivo experiments. These tests used Eisenia fetida and Lolium rigidum in both milled and unmilled lo…
View article: Energetic residues on Alaska training ranges : studies for US Army garrison Alaska 2005 and 2006
Energetic residues on Alaska training ranges : studies for US Army garrison Alaska 2005 and 2006 Open
Soil was collected from Alaskan firing points and impact areas to assess accumulation of 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, TNT, and/or HMX resulting from live-fire training activities. At each sampling site, the energetic compound was known from previous …