Explanipedia

Conduct of the Women's Health Initiative randomised trial evaluating estrogen plus progestin: implications for breast cancer findings: authors’ response Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, John C. Stevenson, Henry Burger, Alfred O. Mueck , et al. · 2013

We thank Drs Chlebowski, Nikolaenko and Anderson for their comments.1 We have previously reviewed2 the article published by Chlebowski and his colleagues in the New England Journal of Medicine ,3 and the claim that it documented that “ma…

Combined hormonal contraceptives and the risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism and cardiovascular death: misuse of automated databases Open

Samuel Shapiro · 2013

Background In December 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) convened a public Advisory Committee meeting to review evidence from a study commissioned by the agency. An analysis of findings derived from four databases was publish…

Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, John Stevenson, Henry Burger, Alfred O. Mueck , et al. · 2013

Background Based principally on findings in three studies, the Collaborative Reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), and the Million Women Study, it is claimed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an established cause of…

Is it ethical to use drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives?: authors' response Open

Jürgen Dinger, Samuel Shapiro · 2012

Background and aims: Fer kinase is activated by a number of growth factors and cytokines, and phosphorylates cortactin during cell shape change induced cortical actin reorganisation. In addition, Fer participates in cytoskeletal int…

Does hormone replacement therapy cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Table 1 Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, John Stevenson, Henry Burger, Alfred O. Mueck · 2012

Background Based principally on findings in three studies, the collaborative reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and the Million Women Study (MWS), it is claimed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen plus pr…

Combined oral contraceptives, venous thromboembolism, and the problem of interpreting large but incomplete datasets Open

Jürgen Dinger, Samuel Shapiro · 2011

In 2009, Lidegaard et al. 1 published findings in the British Medical Journal , derived from a Danish retrospective cohort study of the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Th…

Does hormone replacement therapy cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, Alfred O. Mueck, Helen E. Seaman, John C. Stevenson · 2011

Background Studies from the Women's Health Initiative have reported an increased risk of breast cancer in users of estrogen plus progestogen. Among users of estrogen alone an increased risk was not observed. Objective To evaluate the evide…

Does hormone replacement therapy cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Table 1 Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, Alfred O. Mueck, Helen E. Seaman, John Stevenson · 2011

Background Based principally on findings in three studies, the Collaborative Reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), and the Million Women Study (MWS), it is claimed that combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrog…

Does hormone replacement therapy cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies: Table 1 Open

Samuel Shapiro, Richard Farmer, Helen E. Seaman, John Stevenson, Alfred O. Mueck · 2011

Background Concern that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may cause breast cancer has existed since the time it was introduced, and based on evidence in three studies, the Collaborative Reanalysis (CR), the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) …

Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism Open

Robert L. Reid, Carolyn Westhoff, Diana Mansour, Corrine de Vries, Johan Verhaeghe , et al. · 2010

Background and purpose of the workshopConcern about the venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk of new hormonal contraceptive options shortly after their entry into the market has triggered a number of 'pill scares', each of which resulted in pa…

Reply Open

Samuel Shapiro, Juergen Dinger · 2010

is wrong.We went through all the VTE diagnoses during the period 1994-1998 in women aged 15-44 years and found 10% with an uncertain diagnosis (this was clearly stated in the paper).Initially, S&D make a rather unusual complaint, namely th…

Risk of VTE among users of oral contraceptives Open

Samuel Shapiro, Juergen Dinger · 2010

Risk of VTE among users of oral contraceptivesWe have recently reviewed two studies, 1 a cohort study conducted in Denmark, 2 and a case-control study conducted in The Netherlands, 3 in which it was claimed that the risk of venous thromboe…

Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies Open

Samuel Shapiro, Jürgen Dinger · 2010

Background Two recent studies, a cohort study from Denmark, and a case-control study from The Netherlands, have reported increased risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among users of oral contraceptives (OCs) containing desogestrel, gesto…

Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Open

Samuel Shapiro · 2008

In Part 1 of this review the following principles of causation were considered: time order, specification of the study base, specificity, bias due to random misclassification, and bias due to systematic misclassification. 1 Part 2 continue…

Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy Open

Samuel Shapiro · 2008

In Part 1 of this series the following principles of causation were considered: time order, specification of the study base, and specificity (bias due to random misclassification and bias due to systematic misclassification). 1 Part 2 will…

Cervical Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and HPV Type 16 Antibodies in South African Women Open

Dianne J. Marais, Debbie Constant, Bruce Allan, Henri Carrara, Margaret Hoffman , et al. · 2007

There is a high incidence of cervical cancer in South African women. No large studies to assess human papillomavirus virus (HPV) infection or HPV type 16 (HPV-16) exposure have occurred in the region, a requirement for policy making with r…

Determinants of sexual activity and its relation to cervical cancer risk among South African Women Open

Diane Cooper, Margaret Hoffman, Henri Carrara, Lynn Rosenberg, Judy Kelly , et al. · 2007

Cervical Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in South African Women: Implications for HPV Screening and Vaccine Strategies Open

Bruce Allan, Dianne J. Marais, Margaret Hoffman, Samuel Shapiro, Anna‐Lise Williamson · 2007

The prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) in South African women ( n = 1,073) increased from 20.4% (173/848) in women with normal cytology to 41.7% (48/115) in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 70…

In Memoriam: Walter O. Spitzer (1937–2006) Open

Samuel Shapiro · 2006

HIV and pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the cervix in South Africa: a case-control study Open

Jennifer Moodley, Margaret Hoffman, Henri Carrara, Bruce Allan, Diane Cooper , et al. · 2006

Relative incidence of agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia Open

David W. Kaufman, Judith P. Kelly, Surapol Issaragrisil, Joan‐Ramon Laporte, Theresa Anderson , et al. · 2005

Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia are both rare, life‐threatening blood dyscrasias. Agranulocytosis is mainly caused by medicines, whereas the etiology of aplastic anemia is largely unexplained. In two epidemiologic studies using the sam…

The epidemiology of aplastic anemia in Thailand Open

Surapol Issaragrisil, David W. Kaufman, Theresa Anderson, Kanchana Chansung, Paul E. Leaverton , et al. · 2005

Aplastic anemia has been linked to environmental exposures, from chemicals and medical drugs to infectious agents. The disease occurs more frequently in Asia than in the West, with incidence rates 2- to 3-fold higher. We report updated res…

Case-control studies of screening should carry a health warning. Response Open

Margaret Hoffman, Lynn Rosenberg, Samuel Shapiro · 2003

Case–Control Surveillance Open

Samuel Shapiro · 2000

This chapter has sections titled: Description Strengths Weaknesses Particular applications The future Acknowledgments Appendix: case–control surveillance. publications 1975–1998 References

Lactation and breast carcinoma risk in a South African population Open

Patricia F. Coogan, Lynn Rosenberg, Samuel Shapiro, Margaret Hoffman · 1999

The results of the current study suggest lactation has little or no protective effect on breast carcinoma risk.

The Relationship of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use to the Risk of Breast Cancer Open

Patricia F. Coogan, Sowmya R. Rao, Lynn Rosenberg, Julie R. Palmer, Brian L. Strom , et al. · 1999

The data are compatible with a small reduction in risk associated with regular NSAID use. However, inconsistencies in the data detract from a causal interpretation.

Regional patterns in the incidence of aplastic anemia in Thailand Open

Surapol Issaragrisil, Paul E. Leaverton, Kanchana Chansung, Tharatorn Thamprasit, Yaowarat Porapakham , et al. · 1999

The annual incidence of aplastic anemia has been determined in a rigorous and standardized epidemiologic study conducted in Thailand. A total of 374 cases were identified over a period of 3–6 years in three geographically defined and disti…

Major upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the use of calcium channel blockers Open

Judith P. Kelly, András László, David W. Kaufman, Anders Sundström, Samuel Shapiro · 1999

An increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) associated with use of calcium-channel blockers (CCB) was recently reported,1Pahor M Guralnik JM Furberg CD Carbonin P Havlik RJ Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with calcium …

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and reduced risk of large bowel carcinoma Open

Lynn Rosenberg, Carol Louik, Samuel Shapiro · 1998

These data add to the growing body of evidence that suggests a protective effect of NSAIDs against large bowel carcinoma.

Is meta-analysis a valid approach to the evaluation of small effects in observational studies? Open

Samuel Shapiro · 1997

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