Abstract This study evaluates the performance of a recently developed Lagrangian stochastic model (LSM), which solves the transport equations for turbulence probability density functions (PDFs), for simulating the unstable atmospheric surface layer (ASL). The simulated statistics are compared with the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) predictions for mean gradients, standard deviations, turbulent Prandtl number, turbulence kinetic energy budgets, and turbulence PDFs. The LSM successfully captures many aspects…

Greater urban green space coverage may be associated with reduced AE-COPD risk. However, results should be interpreted with cautiously given model limitations and exploratory nature of subgroup findings.

<title>Abstract</title> The sensitivity of aerosol effects on orographic precipitation from deep convective clouds to mountain upslope steepness is examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a bin microphysics scheme. During the early stage, the sensitivity resembles that of warm, shallow orographic convection as discussed in Part I. As time progresses, interactions between vigorously developed lower-layer clouds and upstream-extending upper-layer clouds become crucial for enhanci…

Abstract Urban Land Surface Models (ULSMs) simulate energy and water exchanges between the urban surface and atmosphere. However, earlier systematic ULSM comparison projects assessed the energy balance but ignored the water balance, which is coupled to the energy balance. Here, we analyze the water balance representation in 19 ULSMs participating in the Urban‐PLUMBER project using results for 20 sites spread across a range of climates and urban form characteristics. As observations for most water fluxes are unavai…

Abstract This study examines the characteristics of the urban heat island (UHI) in Dhaka, the densely populated capital city of Bangladesh under the influence of the South Asian monsoon, and its interaction with heat waves. For this, meteorological data at Dhaka (urban) and Madaripur (rural) stations and reanalysis data for the period of 1995–2019 are used for analysis. Here, the UHI intensity is defined as the urban-rural difference in 2-m temperature, and a heat wave is defined as the phenomenon which persists f…