Kai Werle
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View article: Determining nanoform similarity via assessment of surface reactivity by abiotic and in vitro assays
Determining nanoform similarity via assessment of surface reactivity by abiotic and in vitro assays Open
Grouping of substances is a method used to streamline hazard and risk assessment. Assessment of similarity provides the scientific evidence needed for formation of groups. This work reports on justification of grouping of nanoforms (NFs) v…
View article: Variation in dissolution behavior among different nanoforms and its implication for grouping approaches in inhalation toxicity
Variation in dissolution behavior among different nanoforms and its implication for grouping approaches in inhalation toxicity Open
Different nanoforms (NF) of the same substance each need to be registered under REACH, but similarities in physiological interaction -among them biodissolution- can justify read-across within a group of NFs, thereby reducing the need to pe…
View article: Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials
Aerogels are not regulated as nanomaterials, but can be assessed by tiered testing and grouping strategies for nanomaterials Open
Aerogels may interact on multiple scales. Here we develop a testing strategy and potential categorization of 17 organic and 2 inorganic aerogels based on biosolubility, oxidative potential,in vitroreactivity andin vivoinstillation.
View article: Nanomaterial categorization by surface reactivity: A case study comparing 35 materials with four different test methods
Nanomaterial categorization by surface reactivity: A case study comparing 35 materials with four different test methods Open
Nanomaterials (NMs) can be manufactured in plenty of variants differing in their physicochemical properties. Functional assays can be highly useful to cope with the enormous variability by supporting prioritization and categorization. Oxid…
View article: A Method to Assess the Relevance of Nanomaterial Dissolution during Reactivity Testing
A Method to Assess the Relevance of Nanomaterial Dissolution during Reactivity Testing Open
The reactivity of particle surfaces can be used as a criterion to group nanoforms (NFs) based on similar potential hazard. Since NFs may partially or completely dissolve over the duration of the assays, with the ions themselves inducing a …
View article: Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome
Understanding Dissolution Rates via Continuous Flow Systems with Physiologically Relevant Metal Ion Saturation in Lysosome Open
Dissolution rates of nanomaterials can be decisive for acute in vivo toxicity (via the released ions) and for biopersistence (of the remaining particles). Continuous flow systems (CFSs) can screen for both aspects, but operational paramete…
View article: Abiotic dissolution rates of 24 (nano)forms of 6 substances compared to macrophage-assisted dissolution and in vivo pulmonary clearance: Grouping by biodissolution and transformation
Abiotic dissolution rates of 24 (nano)forms of 6 substances compared to macrophage-assisted dissolution and in vivo pulmonary clearance: Grouping by biodissolution and transformation Open
Numerous recent reviews have highlighted the urgent need for methods to determine the biodissolution of nanomaterials in relevant lung fluids, and to validate the results against the bioprocessing in vivo. Moreover, it is largely unknown t…
View article: Composition, Respirable Fraction and Dissolution Rate of 24 Stone Wool MMVF with their Binder
Composition, Respirable Fraction and Dissolution Rate of 24 Stone Wool MMVF with their Binder Open
View article: Surface reactivity measurements as required for grouping and read-across: An advanced FRAS protocol
Surface reactivity measurements as required for grouping and read-across: An advanced FRAS protocol Open
Oxidative stress is a widely accepted paradigm associated with different adverse outcomes of particulate matter, including nanomaterials. It has frequently been identified in in vitro and in vivo studies and different assays have been deve…