Khalid O. Alfarouk
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View article: Epidemiological Characteristics and Outcomes Predictors for Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Patients in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Retrospective Cohort Study
Epidemiological Characteristics and Outcomes Predictors for Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Patients in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Retrospective Cohort Study Open
Increased NLR and intubation are predictors of mortality and prolonged length of stay in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Coinfection with MDR bacterial strains potentially results in complications and is a high-risk factor for prolo…
View article: The Prime and Integral Cause of Cancer in the Post-Warburg Era
The Prime and Integral Cause of Cancer in the Post-Warburg Era Open
Back to beginnings. A century ago, Otto Warburg published that aerobic glycolysis and the respiratory impairment of cells were the prime cause of cancer, a phenomenon that since then has been known as “the Warburg effect”. In his early stu…
View article: Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study
Serostatus and Epidemiological Characteristics for Atypical Pneumonia Causative Bacteria among Healthy Individuals in Medina, Saudi Arabia, a Retrospective Study Open
Background: Community-acquired atypical pneumonia is generally a mild and self-limiting infection. Still, it may lead to hospitalization and progressive clinical complications in some cases, particularly among the elderly and individuals w…
View article: Acute Helicobacter pylori Infection Prevalence Among Renal Failure Patients and Its Potential Roles with Other Chronic Diseases: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Acute Helicobacter pylori Infection Prevalence Among Renal Failure Patients and Its Potential Roles with Other Chronic Diseases: A Retrospective Cohort Study Open
We documented the significant prevalence of acute H. pylori infection among renal failure patients. We also highlighted and discussed the possible potential roles of H. pylori in renal failure and other chronic diseases. Routine screening …
View article: Seroprevalence of community-acquired atypical bacterial pneumonia among adult COVID-19 patients from a single center in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
Seroprevalence of community-acquired atypical bacterial pneumonia among adult COVID-19 patients from a single center in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia Open
Our study documented the seroprevalence of community-acquired bacteria co-infection among COVID-19 patients. In this study, procalcitonin was an inconclusive biomarker for non-severe bacterial co-infections among COVID-19 patients. Conside…
View article: Role of pH in Regulating Cancer Pyrimidine Synthesis
Role of pH in Regulating Cancer Pyrimidine Synthesis Open
Replication is a fundamental aspect of cancer, and replication is about reproducing all the elements and structures that form a cell. Among them are DNA, RNA, enzymes, and coenzymes. All the DNA is doubled during each S (synthesis) cell cy…
View article: Resistance to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Physiopathologic and Pharmacologic Review
Resistance to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Physiopathologic and Pharmacologic Review Open
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a very aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis and inadequate response to treatment. Many factors contribute to this therapeutic failure: lack of symptoms until the tumor reaches an advanced stage,…
View article: Singlet Dioxygen ¹O₂, its Generation, Physico-Chemical Properties and its Possible Hormetic Behavior in Cancer Therapy
Singlet Dioxygen ¹O₂, its Generation, Physico-Chemical Properties and its Possible Hormetic Behavior in Cancer Therapy Open
Singlet dioxygen 1O2 is one excited state among the three other possible spectroscopic states of molecular oxygen. Here, we first describe the use of published spectroscopic data and thermodynamic modeling based on irreversible entropy pro…
View article: The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Pharmacokinetic Behaviors of Orally Administered Drugs
The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Pharmacokinetic Behaviors of Orally Administered Drugs Open
Bariatric surgery is considered an appropriate method in cases of obesity, such as severe or comorbidities obesity. However, the number of patients requiring bariatric surgery is growing constantly and rapidly. Opposing that, the anatomica…
View article: Hydrogen Ion Dynamics as the Fundamental Link between Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer: Its Application to the Therapeutics of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Emphasis on Multiple Sclerosis
Hydrogen Ion Dynamics as the Fundamental Link between Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer: Its Application to the Therapeutics of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Emphasis on Multiple Sclerosis Open
The pH-related metabolic paradigm has rapidly grown in cancer research and treatment. In this contribution, this recent oncological perspective has been laterally assessed for the first time in order to integrate neurodegeneration within t…
View article: Hydrogen Ion Dynamics as the Fundamental Link Between Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Its Application to the Therapeutics of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Emphasis in Multiple Sclerosis
Hydrogen Ion Dynamics as the Fundamental Link Between Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cancer. Its Application to the Therapeutics of Neurodegenerative Diseases with Special Emphasis in Multiple Sclerosis Open
The pH-related metabolic paradigm has rapidly grown in cancer research and treatment. In this contribution, this recent oncological perspective has been laterally for the first time in order to integrate neurodegeneration within the energe…
View article: Tumor Microenvironment Features and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Insights into Targeting Physicochemical Barriers and Metabolism as Therapeutic Approaches
Tumor Microenvironment Features and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Insights into Targeting Physicochemical Barriers and Metabolism as Therapeutic Approaches Open
Currently, the median overall survival of PDAC patients rarely exceeds 1 year and has an overall 5-year survival rate of about 9%. These numbers are anticipated to worsen in the future due to the lack of understanding of the factors involv…
View article: Coronavirus Pandemic: An Update on the Transmission, Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Managment
Coronavirus Pandemic: An Update on the Transmission, Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Managment Open
The novel coronavirus, designated as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2), is a new coronavirus that has evolved as a global pandemic recently, and it has created a widespread interest in coronaviruses causing hum…
View article: Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19
Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19 Open
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managin…
View article: Metabolic Shifts as the Hallmark of Most Common Diseases: The Quest for the Underlying Unity
Metabolic Shifts as the Hallmark of Most Common Diseases: The Quest for the Underlying Unity Open
A hyper-specialization characterizes modern medicine with the consequence of classifying the various diseases of the body into unrelated categories. Such a broad diversification of medicine goes in the opposite direction of physics, which …
View article: Integrin-Linked Kinase Links Integrin Activation to Invadopodia Function and Invasion via the p(T567)-Ezrin/NHERF1/NHE1 Pathway
Integrin-Linked Kinase Links Integrin Activation to Invadopodia Function and Invasion via the p(T567)-Ezrin/NHERF1/NHE1 Pathway Open
Tumor cell invasion depends largely on degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by protease-rich structures called invadopodia, whose formation and activity requires the convergence of signaling pathways engaged in cell adhesion, acti…
View article: The possible role of methylglyoxal metabolism in cancer
The possible role of methylglyoxal metabolism in cancer Open
Tumours reprogram their metabolism to acquire an evolutionary advantage over normal cells. However, not all such metabolic pathways support energy production. An example of these metabolic pathways is the Methylglyoxal (MG) one. This pathw…
View article: Of mitochondrion and COVID-19
Of mitochondrion and COVID-19 Open
COVID-19, a pandemic disease caused by a viral infection, is associated with a high mortality rate. Most of the signs and symptoms, e.g. cytokine storm, electrolytes imbalances, thromboembolism, etc., are related to mitochondrial dysfuncti…
View article: Towards an Integral Therapeutic Protocol for Breast Cancer Based upon the New H+-Centered Anticancer Paradigm of the Late Post-Warburg Era
Towards an Integral Therapeutic Protocol for Breast Cancer Based upon the New H+-Centered Anticancer Paradigm of the Late Post-Warburg Era Open
A brand new approach to the understanding of breast cancer (BC) is urgently needed. In this contribution, the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease is approached from the new pH-centric anticancer paradigm. Only this unitar…
View article: Towards An Integral Therapeutic Protocol for Breast Cancer based upon the New H+-Centered Anticancer Paradigm of the Late Post-Warburg Era
Towards An Integral Therapeutic Protocol for Breast Cancer based upon the New H+-Centered Anticancer Paradigm of the Late Post-Warburg Era Open
A brand-new approach to the understanding of breast cancer (BC) is urgently needed. In this contribution, the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease is approached from the new pH-centric anticancer paradigm. Only this Unitar…
View article: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dynamics in Cancer and Its Dependency on Intracellular pH
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway Dynamics in Cancer and Its Dependency on Intracellular pH Open
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is one of the key metabolic pathways occurring in living cells to produce energy and maintain cellular homeostasis. Cancer cells have higher cytoplasmic utilization of glucose (glycolysis), even in the p…
View article: Assessing the Knowledge of Environmental Risk Factors for Cancer among the UAE Population: A Pilot Study
Assessing the Knowledge of Environmental Risk Factors for Cancer among the UAE Population: A Pilot Study Open
The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide as well as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Currently, researchers are advocating not only for prevention programs but also for early detection. In this study, we aimed to assess the genera…
View article: The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer
The Interplay of Dysregulated pH and Electrolyte Imbalance in Cancer Open
Cancer cells and tissues have an aberrant regulation of hydrogen ion dynamics driven by a combination of poor vascular perfusion, regional hypoxia, and increased the flux of carbons through fermentative glycolysis. This leads to extracellu…
View article: A New and Integral Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Breast Cancer Based upon Its Hydrogen Ion Dynamics
A New and Integral Approach to the Etiopathogenesis and Treatment of Breast Cancer Based upon Its Hydrogen Ion Dynamics Open
Despite all efforts, the treatment of breast cancer (BC) cannot be considered to be a success story. The advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not been sufficient at all. Indeed, the accumulated experience clearly indicat…
View article: The Prevalence of Pruritis among Sudanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
The Prevalence of Pruritis among Sudanese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Open
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in the production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. The skin is one of the major organ systems i…