L. R. Baylor
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View article: Validation of 3D MHD simulations of Ne/D <sub>2</sub> mixed shattered pellet injection in JET
Validation of 3D MHD simulations of Ne/D <sub>2</sub> mixed shattered pellet injection in JET Open
Nonlinear 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling of shattered pellet injection (SPI) in JET tokamak plasmas is performed with the JOREK code. The study focuses on the validation of simulation result with respect to experimental observations…
View article: MHD, disruptions and control physics: Chapter 4 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation
MHD, disruptions and control physics: Chapter 4 of the special issue: on the path to tokamak burning plasma operation Open
In this chapter, we review the progress in MHD stability, disruptions and control in magnetic fusion research that has occurred over the past (more than) one and a half decades since the publication by Hender et al in 2007 on the same topi…
View article: Thermal energy mitigation and toroidal peaking effects in JET disruptions
Thermal energy mitigation and toroidal peaking effects in JET disruptions Open
Previous investigations on JET suggest half or less of plasma stored thermal energy Wth is radiated (frad,th≲0.5) using either massive gas injection (MGI) or shattered pellet injection (SPI) disruption mitigation. We investigate whether th…
Sticking Coefficients of Fusion Reactor Impurities from Molecular Dynamics Simulations for the Design of Cryopumps Open
A cryopump can be utilized as an impurity removal component of a direct internal recirculation (DIR) system for the fusion fuel cycle. The DIR facilitates a low fuel inventory by continuously pumping unburnt fuel while removing impurities …
View article: Radiation asymmetry in JET disruption mitigation experiments with shattered pellet injection
Radiation asymmetry in JET disruption mitigation experiments with shattered pellet injection Open
In ITER, to mitigate the deleterious effects of plasma disruptions, massive quantities of radiating impurities will be injected into the disrupting plasma by shattered pellet injectors (SPI) to pre-emptively radiate away the stored thermal…
View article: Interaction of SPI pellets with plasma on JET and associated disruptions
Interaction of SPI pellets with plasma on JET and associated disruptions Open
The presented data refer to the Shattered Pellet Injector (SPI) experiments carried out at JET in 2019–2020. This paper is a full journal version of the data originally presented as posters at TMPDM_2020 and EPS_2021. This paper presents v…
View article: Wall heating by subcritical energetic electrons generated by the runaway electron avalanche source <sup>*</sup>
Wall heating by subcritical energetic electrons generated by the runaway electron avalanche source <sup>*</sup> Open
Subcritical energetic electrons (SEEs) produced by the runaway electron (RE) avalanche source at energies below the runaway threshold are found to be the primary contributor to surface heating of plasma-facing components (PFCs) during fina…
Prediction of pellet mass thresholds for ELM triggering in low-collisionality, ITER-like discharges Open
In ITER, pellets are calculated to require more than 8 times the mass than currently planned to reliably trigger edge-localized modes (ELMs). Unmitigated heat flux impulses from ELMs are intolerable in ITER at full power and current. There…
View article: Modifications to the JET Shattered Pellet Injector to Optimize Disruption Mitigation Experiments for Supporting ITER’s DMS Design
Modifications to the JET Shattered Pellet Injector to Optimize Disruption Mitigation Experiments for Supporting ITER’s DMS Design Open
Shattered pellet injection (SPI) experiments on Joint European Torus (JET) are an important element in determining the physics basis for mitigating disruptions in ITER. Here, the initial design of the JET SPI system included three barrels …
View article: Impact of breech geometry and propellant flow on the release of large pellets for the ITER disruption mitigation system
Impact of breech geometry and propellant flow on the release of large pellets for the ITER disruption mitigation system Open
Studies have been performed on the release mechanism for large pellets using high pressure gas in a shattered pellet injector. Typically, pellets are dislodged from the cryogenic surface and accelerated down a barrel using high pressure ga…
View article: 3D radiated power analysis of JET SPI discharges using the Emis3D forward modeling tool
3D radiated power analysis of JET SPI discharges using the Emis3D forward modeling tool Open
Precise values for radiated energy in tokamak disruption experiments are needed to validate disruption mitigation techniques for burning plasma tokamaks like ITER and SPARC. Control room analysis of radiated power ( P rad ) on JET assumes …
Pellet Injection Technology and Application to Mitigate Transient Events on ITER Open
The technology to form and accelerate cryogenically solidified pellets of hydrogen isotopes has long been under development for fueling fusion plasmas. Injectors are being designed to provide this capability for fueling ITER with DT pellet…
View article: Admixed pellets for fast and efficient delivery of plasma enhancement gases: Investigations at AUG exploring the option for EU-DEMO
Admixed pellets for fast and efficient delivery of plasma enhancement gases: Investigations at AUG exploring the option for EU-DEMO Open
Gas and pellet injection are envisaged for particle fuelling in EU-DEMO. The gas system will provide edge and divertor fuelling and any further gas species required for operation. Pellets, mm-sized bodies formed from solid hydrogen fuel, a…
The effectiveness of D<sub>2</sub> pellet injection in reducing intra-ELM and inter-ELM tungsten divertor erosion rates in DIII-D during the Metal Rings Campaign Open
Edge localized modes (ELMs) in H-mode plasmas erode plasma-facing components (PFCs) and lead to impurities in the core, reducing confinement. This study analyzes D 2 pellet injection on the DIII-D fusion experiment used as an ELM mitigatio…
Virtual mask digital electron beam lithography Open
Systems and methods for direct-to-digital holography are described. An apparatus includes a laser; a beamsplitter optically coupled to the laser; a reference beam mirror optically coupled to the beamsplitter; an object optically coupled to…
A Prototype High-Voltage Pulsed Power Supply for Control of the ITER Shattered Pellet Injection System Flyer Plate Valve Open
A high-voltage pulsed power supply (HVPPS) has been designed, prototyped, and tested for driving an eddy current actuated propellant valve for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) disruption mitigation system. The hi…
Design and Testing of a Prototype Eddy Current Actuated Valve for the ITER Shattered Pellet Injection System Open
Reliably mitigating disruptions is essential for ITER to meet its long-term operational research plan without damage to the in-vessel components. Currently, the shattered pellet injection (SPI) technique is the most effective radiator of t…
Pressure Response Optimization of an Eddy Current-Driven Flyer Plate Valve for the ITER Shattered Pellet Injection System Open
One technique for mitigating disruptions in a tokamak is shattered pellet injection (SPI). SPI is a process in which a large solid pellet consisting of deuterium, neon, or argon is desublimated in a pipe gun barsrel and launched downstream…
View article: Issues in Formation of Cryogenic Pellets for Fusion Applications
Issues in Formation of Cryogenic Pellets for Fusion Applications Open
Cryogenic pellets are used for injection into fusion plasmas to add fuel to build up density and replace the ions lost from fusion reactions and imperfect confinement in the plasma. These pellets are formed at cryogenic temperatures with p…
Shear Strength and Release of Large Cryogenic Pellets from the Barrel of a Shattered Pellet Injector for Disruption Mitigation Open
Shattered pellet injection (SPI) has been chosen as the baseline disruption mitigation system on ITER due to its ability to rapidly inject material deep into the plasma to greatly increase the plasma density and radiate the thermal energy.…
Methods to determine the radiated power in SPI-mitigated disruptions in JET Open
This paper presents techniques for evaluating the radiated power in JET disruptions. Disrupting plasmas are shown to have non-axisymmetric radiation profiles, motivating the re-evaluation of the standard techniques for calculating the tota…
Analysis of the Shattered Pellet Injection Fragment Plumes Generated by Machine Specific Shatter Tube Designs Open
Shattered pellet injector systems have been installed on DIII-D, JET, and KSTAR and used to experimentally determine the effectiveness of the shattered pellet injection (SPI) process in mitigating the deleterious effects of a tokamak plasm…
Physics and technology considerations for the deuterium–tritium fuel cycle and conditions for tritium fuel self sufficiency Open
The tritium aspects of the DT fuel cycle embody some of the most challenging feasibility and attractiveness issues in the development of fusion systems. The review and analyses in this paper provide important information to understand and …
Shatter Thresholds and Fragment Size Distributions of Deuterium–Neon Mixture Cryogenic Pellets for Tokamak Thermal Mitigation Open
Reliable mitigation is necessary to eliminate the detrimental effects of a disruption event in large high-current tokamaks such as ITER. To avoid serious damage to plasma-facing components during the thermal quench phase of a disruption, m…
Experimental Pellet Shatter Thresholds and Analysis of Shatter Tube Ejecta for Disruption Mitigation Cryogenic Pellets Open
Mitigating disruptions is essential for the longevity of future large tokamak experimental devices and reactors. Currently, shattered pellet injection (SPI) technique is the most effective mitigation technique found thus far, and has been …
Design of a Continuous Pellet Fueling System for Wendelstein 7-X Open
A continuous pellet fueling system (CPFS) is currently being designed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for the long pulse operation of the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarator. The purpose of the CPFS is to provide deep continuous…