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View article: 5G RF EMF Spectral Exposure Assessment in Four European Countries
5G RF EMF Spectral Exposure Assessment in Four European Countries Open
This study assesses the exposure to 5G radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) across four European countries. Spot measurements were conducted indoor and outdoor in both public spaces and educational institutions, encompassing urb…
View article: A Survey of IEEE 802.11ax WLAN Temporal Duty Cycle for the Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure
A Survey of IEEE 802.11ax WLAN Temporal Duty Cycle for the Assessment of RF Electromagnetic Exposure Open
The increasing deployment of IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) networks necessitates an accurate assessment of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure under realistic usage scenarios. This study investigates the duty cycle (DC) and co…
View article: Auto-induced uplink 4G and 5G RF-EMF exposure assessment using a network monitoring application in different microenvironments across seven European countries
Auto-induced uplink 4G and 5G RF-EMF exposure assessment using a network monitoring application in different microenvironments across seven European countries Open
The auto-induced uplink (a-UL) radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure, often the dominant part of the total RF-EMF exposure, has not been included in previous microenvironmental studies. As 5G exposure depends more on mobi…
View article: 50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation
50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation Open
A low-cost, tri-axial 50 Hz magnetic field monitoring sensor was designed, calibrated and verified. The sensor was designed using off-the-shelf components and commercially available coils. It can measure 50 Hz magnetic fields originating f…
View article: In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications
In Situ Assessment of Uplink Duty Cycles for 4G and 5G Wireless Communications Open
In this presented study, we measured in situ the uplink duty cycles of a smartphone for 5G NR and 4G LTE for a total of six use cases covering voice, video, and data applications. The duty cycles were assessed at ten positions near a 4G an…
View article: A Comparative Study of In Situ Methodologies for Assessment of RF EMF Exposure From a 5G FR2 Base Station
A Comparative Study of In Situ Methodologies for Assessment of RF EMF Exposure From a 5G FR2 Base Station Open
In this work, in situ measurements of the radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure have been conducted for an indoor massive MIMO 5G base station operating at 26–28 GHz. Measurements were performed at six different positions (at dist…
View article: RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach
RF Exposure Assessment in ITS-5.9 GHz V2X Connectivity and Vehicle Wireless Technologies: A Numerical and Experimental Approach Open
As Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies gain prominence, ensuring human safety from radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) becomes paramount. This study critically examines human RF exposure in the context of IT…
View article: Fast and Precise Neural Network-Based Environment Detection utilizing UWB CSI for Seamless Localization Applications
Fast and Precise Neural Network-Based Environment Detection utilizing UWB CSI for Seamless Localization Applications Open
Seamless localization, navigation, and tracking applications can be realized utilizing different sensors and cameras, radio frequency signals such as WiFi, ultra-wideband, and global navigation satellite system, each of which is better sui…
View article: Comparison of Low-Cost 5G Electromagnetic Field Sensors
Comparison of Low-Cost 5G Electromagnetic Field Sensors Open
This paper compares different low-cost sensors that can measure (5G) RF-EMF exposure. The sensors are either commercially available (off-the-shelf Software Defined Radio (SDR) Adalm Pluto) or constructed by a research institution (i.e., im…
View article: RF-EMF Exposure near 5G NR Small Cells
RF-EMF Exposure near 5G NR Small Cells Open
Of particular interest within fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are the typical levels of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by ‘small cells’, low-power base stations, which are installed such that both workers…
View article: Combined Antenna-Channel Modeling for the Harsh Horse Hoof Environment
Combined Antenna-Channel Modeling for the Harsh Horse Hoof Environment Open
This paper describes the exploration of the combined antenna–channel model for a horse hoof. An antenna of 25 mm × 40 mm is designed in the ISM 868 MHz band. During the characterization and design of the antenna, the dynamic and harsh envi…
View article: Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network
Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network Open
In an increasingly wireless world, spatiotemporal monitoring of the exposure to environmental radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is crucial to appease public uncertainty and anxiety about RF-EMF. However, although the advent …
View article: In Situ Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure in a Commercial Network in Bern, Switzerland
In Situ Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure in a Commercial Network in Bern, Switzerland Open
This paper describes the assessment of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) base stations in a commercial NR network in Bern, Switzerland. During the measurement campaign, four …
View article: Design and Verification of an On-Body Antenna in the Harsh Environment of a Horse Hoof
Design and Verification of an On-Body Antenna in the Harsh Environment of a Horse Hoof Open
This paper describes the design of an antenna embedded in a hoof pad. The operating frequencies are within the GSM900 band. The dimensions are 40 mm x 25 mm x 1.55 mm. During the characterization of the antenna, the dynamic and harsh envir…
View article: Propagation-Loss Characterization for Livestock Implantables at (433, 868, 1400) MHz
Propagation-Loss Characterization for Livestock Implantables at (433, 868, 1400) MHz Open
Automated systems based on wearable sensors for livestock monitoring are becoming increasingly popular. Specifically, wireless in-body sensors could yield relevant data, such as ruminal temperature. The collection of such data requires an …
View article: Ray-Tracing-Based Numerical Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Duty Cycle of 5G Massive MIMO in an Outdoor Urban Environment
Ray-Tracing-Based Numerical Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Duty Cycle of 5G Massive MIMO in an Outdoor Urban Environment Open
In the near future, wireless coverage will be provided by the base stations equipped with dynamically-controlled massive phased antenna arrays that direct the transmission towards the user. This contribution describes a computational metho…
View article: Joint Antenna-Channel Modelling for in-to-out-Body Propagation of Dairy Cows at 868 MHz
Joint Antenna-Channel Modelling for in-to-out-Body Propagation of Dairy Cows at 868 MHz Open
In this paper, for the first time, the in-to-out-body path loss between a capsule antenna placed inside the cows' rumen and a distant gateway was characterized at 868 MHz. Measurements were conducted on five different fistulated cows in a …
View article: A Multi-Band Body-Worn Distributed Exposure Meter for Personal Radio-Frequency Dosimetry in Diffuse Indoor Environments
A Multi-Band Body-Worn Distributed Exposure Meter for Personal Radio-Frequency Dosimetry in Diffuse Indoor Environments Open
A multi-band body-worn distributed exposure meter (BWDM) is designed and calibrated for diffuse fields in a reverberation chamber (RC) for personal exposure assessment in indoor environments. The BWDM uses 22 nodes distributed over the tor…
View article: Emissions From Smart Meters and Other Residential Radiofrequency Sources
Emissions From Smart Meters and Other Residential Radiofrequency Sources Open
The advent of the Internet of things comes with a huge increase in wirelessly communicating devices in our environment. For example, smart energy-consumption meters are being widely deployed in residences from which they communicate their …
View article: Experimental characterisation of in‐to‐out‐body path loss at 433 MHz in dairy cows
Experimental characterisation of in‐to‐out‐body path loss at 433 MHz in dairy cows Open
In this Letter, for the first time, the in‐to‐out‐body path loss between an antenna placed inside the cows’ rumen and a distant gateway was characterised at 433 MHz. Measurements were conducted on seven different fistulated cows using a si…
View article: In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies
In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies Open
As the roll-out of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess the human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition to ex…
View article: Internet of animals: characterisation of LoRa sub‐GHz off‐body wireless channel in dairy barns
Internet of animals: characterisation of LoRa sub‐GHz off‐body wireless channel in dairy barns Open
Advances in wireless sensor technologies and MEMS have made it possible to automatically monitor the health status of dairy cows using Internet of things (IoT) and wireless body area networks. Since on‐cow measuring devices are energy cons…