Leon Grayfer
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View article: The contribution of amphibian macrophage subsets to scarless regeneration of skin wounds
The contribution of amphibian macrophage subsets to scarless regeneration of skin wounds Open
Xenopus laevis juvenile frogs regenerate wounded skin without scarring, yet the underlying mechanisms driving this process remain poorly defined. Macrophages are critical to wound repair across vertebrates, and our results indicate a trans…
View article: Immune evasion by chytrid fungal pathogens includes macrophages 2669
Immune evasion by chytrid fungal pathogens includes macrophages 2669 Open
Description Amphibians continue to experience global population declines due to chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Although amphibians have robust immune defenses, this pathogen appears to h…
View article: Amphibian mast cells offer antifungal protection 3810
Amphibian mast cells offer antifungal protection 3810 Open
Description Disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are compounding global amphibian declines. Bd infections are confined to amphibian skin, and there are many published studies describing the r…
View article: Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophage Subsets Vary in Their Responses to the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophage Subsets Vary in Their Responses to the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Open
The chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), infects amphibian skin, causing chytridiomycosis, which is a contributing cause of worldwide declines and extinctions of amphibians. Relatively little is known about the roles of amp…
View article: Probiotic colonization of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> skin causes short-term changes in skin microbiomes and gene expression
Probiotic colonization of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> skin causes short-term changes in skin microbiomes and gene expression Open
Probiotic therapies have been suggested for amelioration efforts of wildlife disease such as chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium spp. in amphibians. However, there is a lack of information on how probiotic application affects resid…
View article: Recombinant SpTransformer proteins bind to specific sites on sea urchin phagocytes and modulate SpTransformer gene expression and immune responsiveness
Recombinant SpTransformer proteins bind to specific sites on sea urchin phagocytes and modulate SpTransformer gene expression and immune responsiveness Open
Introduction The California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , relies exclusively on an innate immune system to survive in its pathogen rich marine environment. Central to this defense is the SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene fami…
View article: Immune Defenses Against Ranavirus Infections
Immune Defenses Against Ranavirus Infections Open
Ranaviruses (RV, family Iridoviridae ) infect fish, amphibians, and reptiles, raising considerable ecological and commercial concerns due to the escalating infection prevalence and the resulting die-offs of wild and aquacultural species. N…
View article: Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections
Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbi…
View article: Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections
Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbiom…
View article: None: Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections
None: Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbiom…
View article: Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes
Recombinant SpTransformer proteins are functionally diverse for binding and phagocytosis by three subtypes of sea urchin phagocytes Open
Introduction The California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , relies solely on an innate immune system to combat the many pathogens in the marine environment. One aspect of their molecular defenses is the SpTransformer ( S…
View article: Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections
Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are largely driven by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In the time since these disease outbreaks were first discovered, much has been learned about the ro…
View article: Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections
Amphibian mast cells serve as barriers to chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbi…
View article: Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections
Amphibian mast cells: barriers to deadly chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are largely driven by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In the time since these disease outbreaks were first discovered, much has been learned about the ro…
View article: Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections
Amphibian mast cells: barriers to chytrid fungus infections Open
Global amphibian declines are compounded by deadly disease outbreaks caused by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ). Much has been learned about the roles of amphibian skin-produced antimicrobial components and microbi…
View article: One Health Approach to Globalizing, Accelerating, and Focusing Amphibian and Reptile Disease Research—Reflections and Opinions from the First Global Amphibian and Reptile Disease Conference
One Health Approach to Globalizing, Accelerating, and Focusing Amphibian and Reptile Disease Research—Reflections and Opinions from the First Global Amphibian and Reptile Disease Conference Open
The world's reptiles and amphibians are experiencing dramatic and ongoing losses in biodiversity, changes that can have substantial effects on ecosystems and human health. In 2022, the first Global Amphibian and Reptile Disease Conference …
View article: A perspective into the relationships between amphibian ( <i>Xenopus laevis</i> ) myeloid cell subsets
A perspective into the relationships between amphibian ( <i>Xenopus laevis</i> ) myeloid cell subsets Open
Macrophage (Mϕ)-lineage cells are integral to the immune defences of all vertebrates, including amphibians. Across vertebrates, Mϕ differentiation and functionality depend on activation of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) receptor by…
View article: Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, undergo dynamic changes in response to immune challenge
Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, undergo dynamic changes in response to immune challenge Open
The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has seven described populations of distinct coelomocytes in the coelomic fluid that are defined by morphology, size, and for some types, by known functions. Of these subtypes, the large phagocy…
View article: Endogenous Retroviruses Augment Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpole Antiviral Protection
Endogenous Retroviruses Augment Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpole Antiviral Protection Open
Global amphibian biodiversity is being challenged by pathogens like the Frog Virus 3 (FV3) ranavirus, underlining the need to gain a greater understanding of amphibian antiviral defenses. While it was previously believed that anuran (frog/…
View article: Editorial: Immunity to Emerging Pathogens in Poikilothermic Vertebrates
Editorial: Immunity to Emerging Pathogens in Poikilothermic Vertebrates Open
EDITORIAL article Front. Immunol., 15 March 2022Sec. Comparative Immunology Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.867818
View article: The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections
The Roles of Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Macrophages during Chronic Frog Virus 3 Infections Open
Infections by Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and other ranavirus genus members are significantly contributing to global amphibian decline. The Xenopus laevis frog is an ideal research platform upon which to study the roles of distinct frog leukocyte p…
View article: Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpoles and Adult Frogs Differ in Their Antiviral Responses to Intestinal Frog Virus 3 Infections
Amphibian (Xenopus laevis) Tadpoles and Adult Frogs Differ in Their Antiviral Responses to Intestinal Frog Virus 3 Infections Open
The global amphibian declines are compounded by ranavirus infections such as Frog Virus 3 (FV3), and amphibian tadpoles more frequently succumb to these pathogens than adult animals. Amphibian gastrointestinal tracts represent a major rout…
View article: Sublethal effects of wild-type and a vIF-2α-knockout <i>Frog virus 3</i> on postmetamorphic wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>): potential for a stage-specific reservoir
Sublethal effects of wild-type and a vIF-2α-knockout <i>Frog virus 3</i> on postmetamorphic wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>): potential for a stage-specific reservoir Open
Ranaviruses have been associated with rising numbers of mass die-offs in amphibian populations around the globe. However, most studies on ranaviruses to date focused on larval amphibians. To assess the role of postmetamorphic amphibians in…
View article: Discovery of granulocyte-lineage cells in the skin of the amphibian <i>Xenopus laevis</i>
Discovery of granulocyte-lineage cells in the skin of the amphibian <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Open
The ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) and the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd) are significant contributors to the global amphibian declines and both pathogens target the amphibian skin. We previously showed that tadpoles and…