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View article: Interconnection and lamination technologies towards ubiquitous integration of photovoltaics
Interconnection and lamination technologies towards ubiquitous integration of photovoltaics Open
In this paper, we first give some historical background and trends in PV module technologies with a focus on the growing trend towards ‘PV everywhere’, mainly targeting improved aesthetics, dimensional freedom including curved surfaces, we…
View article: Overview of key results achieved in H2020 HighLite project helping to raise the EU PV industries' competitiveness
Overview of key results achieved in H2020 HighLite project helping to raise the EU PV industries' competitiveness Open
The EU crystalline silicon (c‐Si) PV manufacturing industry has faced strong foreign competition in the last decade. To strive in this competitive environment and differentiate itself from the competition, the EU c‐Si PV manufacturing indu…
View article: Local Enhancement of Dopant Diffusion from Polycrystalline Silicon Passivating Contacts
Local Enhancement of Dopant Diffusion from Polycrystalline Silicon Passivating Contacts Open
Passivating contacts consisting of heavily doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and ultrathin interfacial silicon oxide (SiOx) films enable the fabrication of high-efficiency Si solar cells. The electrical properties and working mechani…
View article: Development and testing of light-weight PV modules based on glass-fibre reinforcement
Development and testing of light-weight PV modules based on glass-fibre reinforcement Open
In this paper we report on our approach on integrating c-Si PV into lightweight structures, in particular towards vehicle integration. To this end we want to get rid of the (bulk weight of the) glass but seek a suitable replacement in term…
View article: A round Robin-Highliting on the passivating contact technology
A round Robin-Highliting on the passivating contact technology Open
The aim of this work is to demonstrate the maturity of the TOPCon technology by conducting a round-robin on symmetrically processed lifetime samples in the leading European PV institutes EPFL, ISC, CEA-INES, ISFH, IMEC and Fraunhofer ISE w…
View article: Summary of the 9th workshop on metallization and interconnection for crystalline silicon solar cells
Summary of the 9th workshop on metallization and interconnection for crystalline silicon solar cells Open
The 9th edition of the Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells was held as an online event but nevertheless reached the workshop goals of knowledge sharing and networking. The technology of screen-…
View article: Deposition behaviour of metal impurities in acidic cleaning solutions and their impact on effective minority carrier lifetime in n-type silicon solar cells
Deposition behaviour of metal impurities in acidic cleaning solutions and their impact on effective minority carrier lifetime in n-type silicon solar cells Open
Further increasing the conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells by advanced solar cell concepts like SHJ (Silicon Hetero-Junction), PERT (Passivated Emitter Rear Totally diffused), IBC (Interdigitatecl Back-Contact), requires a highly …
View article: Trends in metallization and interconnection – Results of the survey conducted during the 8th Metallization and Interconnection Workshop
Trends in metallization and interconnection – Results of the survey conducted during the 8th Metallization and Interconnection Workshop Open
This paper summarizes the trends in metallization and interconnection technology in the eyes of the participants of the 8th Metallization and Interconnection Workshop. Participants were asked in a questionnaire to share their view on the f…
View article: Exceeding 23% Screen-Printed Rear-Emitter Bifacial n-PERT Cells
Exceeding 23% Screen-Printed Rear-Emitter Bifacial n-PERT Cells Open
This work reports the latest results at imec of rear emitter bifacial Passivated Emitter, Rear Totally diffused (PERT) cells, processed on large area (243.3 cm2), 170 µm thick n-type Cz substrates. The cells feature a selective front side …
View article: Summary of the 8th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Summary of the 8th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Open
This article gives a summary of the 8th Metallization and Interconnection workshop and attempts to place each contribution in the appropriate context. The field of metallization and interconnection continues to progress at a very fast pace…
View article: Insights into the reliability of Ni/Cu plated p-PERC silicon solar cells
Insights into the reliability of Ni/Cu plated p-PERC silicon solar cells Open
Selective laser ablation of dielectric layers in combination with plated Ni/Cu/Ag contacts have been investigated by many photovoltaic researchers. Despite that there has been quite some practical progress on improved processing, the relia…
View article: 22.4% bifacial n-PERT cells with Ni/Ag co-plated contacts and Voc ~691 mV
22.4% bifacial n-PERT cells with Ni/Ag co-plated contacts and Voc ~691 mV Open
In this work we present bifacial cells with Ni/Ag co-plated contacts with average Voc values of 691±2 mV and efficiencies of 22.4±0.2 % (internal measurement using a lowly-reflective GridtouchTM contacting unit from Pasan). The Ni/Ag co-pl…
View article: Excellent via passivation and high open circuit voltage for large-area n-type MWT-PERT silicon solar cells
Excellent via passivation and high open circuit voltage for large-area n-type MWT-PERT silicon solar cells Open
In this work, we improved the performance of the MWT-PERT solar cells focusing on increasing their V-oc by combining the MWT concept with n-PERT technology. The impact of different post-laser treatments on the via surface morphology and th…
View article: High efficiency bifacial n-PERT cells with co-plated Ni/Ag contacts for multi-wire interconnection
High efficiency bifacial n-PERT cells with co-plated Ni/Ag contacts for multi-wire interconnection Open
In this paper we present bifacial n-type PERT cells (n-PERT+) with ultra-thin (< 3 μm) and narrow (< 20 μm) Ni/Ag plated contacts on both the n+ and p+ side of the cell. This cell architecture is designed for multi-wire interconnection and…
View article: The impact of silicon solar cell architecture and cell interconnection on energy yield in hot & sunny climates
The impact of silicon solar cell architecture and cell interconnection on energy yield in hot & sunny climates Open
A series resistance induced by cell interconnections will lead to a worse TCPMPP of solar modules compared with cells.
View article: Simultaneous Fabrication of n & p Contacts for Bifacial Cells by a Novel Co-Plating Process
Simultaneous Fabrication of n & p Contacts for Bifacial Cells by a Novel Co-Plating Process Open
This paper describes a n & p surface Ni/Ag co-plating process for the metallization of bifacial cells suitable for multi-wire module integration. The process, based on electroless Ni and immersion Ag plating, mitigates typical problems of …
View article: The Future of Metallization and Interconnection – Forecast of Experts of the 6th Metallization Workshop
The Future of Metallization and Interconnection – Forecast of Experts of the 6th Metallization Workshop Open
We present the results of a survey on the future of metallization and interconnection. The survey was carried out at the 6th Metallization Workshop that took place in Constance, Germany in May 2016. Experts were asked to forecast the devel…
View article: Summary of the 6th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Summary of the 6th Workshop on Metallization and Interconnection for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Open
The 6th Metallization Workshop took place in Constance, Germany on 2 and 3 May 2016. At the workshop the latest progress in the understanding and application of metallization and interconnection was presented. Screen printed metallization …
View article: 21.7% Large Area n-PERT Silicon Solar Cells Using Screen-Printed Aluminium with Open Circuit Voltage above 690mV
21.7% Large Area n-PERT Silicon Solar Cells Using Screen-Printed Aluminium with Open Circuit Voltage above 690mV Open
Large area n-type rear-junction Passivated Emitter Rear Totally-diffused (PERT) solar cells with efficiency of 22.5% were recently reported by imec using rear sputtered Al. To develop a more industrially relevant process, screenprinting of…
View article: Bifacial n-PERT Cells (Bi-PERT) with Plated Contacts for Multi-Wire Interconnection
Bifacial n-PERT Cells (Bi-PERT) with Plated Contacts for Multi-Wire Interconnection Open
In this paper we introduce bifacial n-type PERT cells (Bi-PERT) with ultra-thin (< 3 m) and narrow (< 20 m) Ni/Ag plated fingers on both the n+ and p+ side of the cell. This cell architecture is designed for multi-wire interconnection and …
View article: Novel Low Cost Wet Chemical Cleaning Processes for Industrial Large Area n-Type Silicon Solar Cells with 22% Efficiency
Novel Low Cost Wet Chemical Cleaning Processes for Industrial Large Area n-Type Silicon Solar Cells with 22% Efficiency Open
We report on the development of industrial wet chemical cleaning processes for n-type passivated emitter, rear totally diffused (n-PERT) solar cells. PERT silicon solar cells with 22% efficiency have been manufactured comparing established…
View article: 22.5% n-PERT Solar Cells on Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers
22.5% n-PERT Solar Cells on Epitaxially Grown Silicon Wafers Open
This work reports on the fabrication of advanced nPERT (passivated Emitter, Rear Totally diffused) cells by imec on epitaxial wafers from Crystal Solar obtained by direct gas to wafer technology. Crystal Solar has developed a process to gr…
View article: Solar Cells from Epitaxial Foils: An Epifoil Epiphany
Solar Cells from Epitaxial Foils: An Epifoil Epiphany Open
In this paper we want to share our efforts on how to translate our high-quality epitaxial foils (epifoils) into cell-level performance. After framing our motivation in the introduction, we elaborate our approach at imec using available bac…
View article: Integration Processes for nPERT Si Solar Cells Using Single Side Emitter Epitaxy and front Side Laser Doping
Integration Processes for nPERT Si Solar Cells Using Single Side Emitter Epitaxy and front Side Laser Doping Open
This work focuses on the fabrication of nPERT(Passivated Emitter, Rear Totally Diffused) devices incorporating an epitaxially grown single side rear-emitter. Such epi-nPERT cells are fabricated in a simplified way using the selectivity of …