Luciano A. Marraffini
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View article: CRISPR-Cas–associated SCC <i>mec</i> Variants in Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Evade Rapid Diagnostic Detection
CRISPR-Cas–associated SCC <i>mec</i> Variants in Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Evade Rapid Diagnostic Detection Open
Rapid molecular assays guiding treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus detect SCCmec (Xpert) or the SCCmec–orfX junction (BCID2). Sequence variation in this region can disrupt primer binding, yielding false-negative result…
View article: Bacterial TIR-based immune systems sense phage capsids to initiate defense
Bacterial TIR-based immune systems sense phage capsids to initiate defense Open
View article: Deep mutational scanning identifies Cas1 and Cas2 variants that enhance type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition
Deep mutational scanning identifies Cas1 and Cas2 variants that enhance type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition Open
A remarkable feature of CRISPR-Cas systems is their ability to acquire short sequences from invading viruses to create a molecular record of infection. These sequences, called spacers, are inserted into the CRISPR locus and mediate sequenc…
View article: A CARF-HAD phosphatase effector provides immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response
A CARF-HAD phosphatase effector provides immunity during the type III-A CRISPR-Cas response Open
Summary CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity against phage infection in prokaryotes using an RNA-guided complex that recognizes complementary foreign nucleic acids. Different types of CRISPR-Cas systems have been identified that di…
View article: Cat1 forms filament networks to degrade NAD <sup>+</sup> during the type III CRISPR-Cas antiviral response
Cat1 forms filament networks to degrade NAD <sup>+</sup> during the type III CRISPR-Cas antiviral response Open
Type III CRISPR-Cas systems defend against viral infection in prokaryotes by using an RNA-guided complex that recognizes foreign transcripts and synthesizes cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) messengers to activate CRISPR-associated Rossmann-fold…
View article: Nucleic acid recognition during prokaryotic immunity
Nucleic acid recognition during prokaryotic immunity Open
Parasitic elements often spread to hosts through the delivery of their nucleic acids to the recipient. This is particularly true for the primary parasites of bacteria, bacteriophages (phages) and plasmids. Although bacterial immune systems…
View article: Cas10 relieves host growth arrest to facilitate spacer retention during type III-A CRISPR-Cas immunity
Cas10 relieves host growth arrest to facilitate spacer retention during type III-A CRISPR-Cas immunity Open
View article: The CRISPR-associated adenosine deaminase Cad1 converts ATP to ITP to provide antiviral immunity
The CRISPR-associated adenosine deaminase Cad1 converts ATP to ITP to provide antiviral immunity Open
Type III CRISPR systems provide immunity against genetic invaders through the production of cyclic oligo-adenylate (cAn) molecules that activate effector proteins that contain CRISPR-associated Rossman fold (CARF) domains. Here,…
View article: Deep mutational scanning identifies variants of Cas1 and Cas2 that increase spacer acquisition in type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems
Deep mutational scanning identifies variants of Cas1 and Cas2 that increase spacer acquisition in type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems Open
A remarkable feature of CRISPR-Cas systems is their ability to acquire short sequences from invading viruses to create a molecular record of infection. These sequences, known as spacers, are inserted into the CRISPR locus by the Cas1-Cas2 …
View article: MtvS Interacts With RNA Polymerase to Regulate the <i>Francisella</i> Type V-A CRISPR-Cas System
MtvS Interacts With RNA Polymerase to Regulate the <i>Francisella</i> Type V-A CRISPR-Cas System Open
CRISPR-Cas systems endow bacteria and archaea with adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, playing a fundamental role in shaping microbial communities. Many organisms harbor more than one CRISPR-Cas system, and little is known a…
View article: A bacterial TIR-based immune system senses viral capsids to initiate defense
A bacterial TIR-based immune system senses viral capsids to initiate defense Open
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are present in immune systems that protect prokaryotes from viral (phage) attack. In response to infection, TIRs can produce a cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR) signaling molecule, which a…
View article: Cas9 interaction with the tracrRNA nexus modulates the repression of type II-A CRISPR-cas genes
Cas9 interaction with the tracrRNA nexus modulates the repression of type II-A CRISPR-cas genes Open
Immune responses need to be regulated to prevent autoimmunity. CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in prokaryotes through the acquisition of short DNA sequences from invading viruses (bacteriophages), known as spacers. Spacers are…
View article: DNA glycosylases provide antiviral defence in prokaryotes
DNA glycosylases provide antiviral defence in prokaryotes Open
Bacteria have adapted to phage predation by evolving a vast assortment of defence systems 1 . Although anti-phage immunity genes can be identified using bioinformatic tools, the discovery of novel systems is restricted to the available pro…
View article: The Cas10 nuclease activity relieves host dormancy to facilitate spacer acquisition and retention during type III-A CRISPR immunity
The Cas10 nuclease activity relieves host dormancy to facilitate spacer acquisition and retention during type III-A CRISPR immunity Open
A hallmark of CRISPR immunity is the acquisition of short viral DNA sequences, known as spacers, that are transcribed into guide RNAs to recognize complementary sequences. The staphylococcal type III-A CRISPR-Cas system uses guide RNAs to …
View article: The CRISPR effector Cam1 mediates membrane depolarization for phage defence
The CRISPR effector Cam1 mediates membrane depolarization for phage defence Open
View article: Author Correction: Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity
Author Correction: Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity Open
View article: Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity
Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity Open
Cyclic oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling systems (CBASS) protect prokaryotes from viral (phage) attack through the production of cyclic oligonucleotides, which activate effector proteins that trigger the death of the infected host…
View article: Type III CRISPR-Cas: beyond the Cas10 effector complex
Type III CRISPR-Cas: beyond the Cas10 effector complex Open
View article: Rarely acquired type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacers mediate anti-viral immunity through the targeting of a non-canonical PAM sequence
Rarely acquired type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacers mediate anti-viral immunity through the targeting of a non-canonical PAM sequence Open
The Streptococcus pyogenes type II-A CRISPR-Cas systems provides adaptive immunity through the acquisition of short DNA sequences from invading viral genomes, called spacers. Spacers are transcribed into short RNA guides that match regions…
View article: Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity
Bacterial cGAS senses a viral RNA to initiate immunity Open
CBASS immunity protects prokaryotes from viral (phage) attack through the production of cyclic dinucleotides which activate effector proteins that trigger the death of the infected host. How bacterial cyclases recognize phage infection is …
View article: Afterword
Afterword Open
The advent of CRISPR-based technologies has revolutionized genome editing, with a democratized technology now deployed in the clinic for human gene therapy, in the field for crop production, in the farm for livestock breeding, and even on …
View article: Cleavage of viral DNA by restriction endonucleases stimulates the type II CRISPR-Cas immune response
Cleavage of viral DNA by restriction endonucleases stimulates the type II CRISPR-Cas immune response Open
View article: Different modes of spacer acquisition by the <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> type III-A CRISPR-Cas system
Different modes of spacer acquisition by the <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> type III-A CRISPR-Cas system Open
CRISPR-Cas systems provide prokaryotic organisms with an adaptive defense mechanism that acquires immunological memories of infections. This is accomplished by integration of short fragments from the genome of invaders such as phages and p…
View article: Viral recombination systems limit CRISPR-Cas targeting through the generation of escape mutations
Viral recombination systems limit CRISPR-Cas targeting through the generation of escape mutations Open
View article: Decision letter: A chimeric nuclease substitutes a phage CRISPR-Cas system to provide sequence-specific immunity against subviral parasites
Decision letter: A chimeric nuclease substitutes a phage CRISPR-Cas system to provide sequence-specific immunity against subviral parasites Open
View article: Type III-A CRISPR immunity promotes mutagenesis of staphylococci
Type III-A CRISPR immunity promotes mutagenesis of staphylococci Open
View article: From the discovery of DNA to current tools for DNA editing
From the discovery of DNA to current tools for DNA editing Open
In 1944, the Journal of Experimental Medicine published the groundbreaking discovery that DNA is the molecule holding genetic information (1944. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.79.2.137). This seminal finding was the genesis of mol…
View article: The Card1 nuclease provides defence during type III CRISPR immunity
The Card1 nuclease provides defence during type III CRISPR immunity Open
View article: OUP accepted manuscript
OUP accepted manuscript Open
CRISPR-Cas9 is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease involved in bacterial adaptive immunity and widely repurposed for genome editing in human cells, animals and plants. In bacteria, RNA molecules that guide Cas9's activity derive from foreign DN…
View article: Integration of prophages into CRISPR loci remodels viral immunity in<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>
Integration of prophages into CRISPR loci remodels viral immunity in<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> Open
Summary CRISPR loci are composed of short DNA repeats separated by sequences that match the genomes of phages and plasmids, known as spacers. Spacers are transcribed and processed to generate RNA guides used by CRISPR-associated nucleases …