Explanipedia

The Relativistic Electron Magnetic Spectrometer (REMS) Instrument Open

Christine Gabrielse, D. L. Turner, William Chavez, William R. Crain, Susan H. Crain , et al. · 2025

Physics

As we move towards proliferated space and smaller, more cost-effective satellites, miniaturization of quality science instrumentation is becoming necessary and possible. This paper describes the Relativistic Electron Magnetic Spectrometer …

Comparison of Solar Energetic Particle Flux Measurements by CRaTER and GOES Open

C. Zeitlin, A. S. Johnson, N. A. Schwadron, H. E. Spence, J. K. Wilson , et al. · 2025

Environmental science Geology Physics

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft has been operating in lunar orbit since 2009. CRaTER data provide a long‐term record of the near‐Moon radiation environment t…

The Martian Surface Radiation Environment: Zenith Angle Dependence of Fluxes of Different Secondary Particle Species Produced in the Mars Atmosphere Open

Salman Khaksarighiri, R. F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber, T. J. Stubbs, Phillip H. Phipps, M. D. Looper , et al. · 2024

Environmental science Physics Geology

Understanding the zenith angle dependence of the Martian surface radiation environment is crucial for planning future human exploration missions to Mars. In our previous research (Wimmer et al. 2015; Guo et al. 2021; Khaksarighiri et al. 2…

Changes in HILT High Time Resolution Data over the SAMPEX Mission Open

M. D. Looper · 2023

Physics Chemistry

The HILT (Heavy Ion Large Telescope) instrument aboard SAMPEX (the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particles Explorer satellite) measured heavy ions via multi-detector coincidences involving a flow-through isobutane ionization chamber…

Changes in HILT High Time Resolution Data over the SAMPEX Mission Open

M. D. Looper · 2023

Physics Chemistry

The HILT (Heavy Ion Large Telescope) instrument aboard SAMPEX (the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particles Explorer satellite) measured heavy ions via multi-detector coincidences involving a flow-through isobutane ionization chamber…

Comprehensive Observations of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration, Sources, and Sinks (COMPASS) Open

G. Clark, P. Kollmann, Jim Kinnison, Dan Kelly, Wen Li , et al. · 2023

Physics Environmental science Geology

Whitepaper #067 in the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033. Main topics: basic research. Additional topics: planetary magnetospheres; space-based missions/projects; emerging opportunities.

Cross-scale physics and the acceleration of particles in collisionless plasmas throughout the Heliosphere and beyond: III. Radiation belts Open

D. L. Turner, G. Clark, Wen Li, Sasha Ukhorskiy, Lauren Blum , et al. · 2023

Physics

Radiation belt systems are found at all the sufficiently magnetized and sized planets in our Solar System (i.e., Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), implying that particle trapping and acceleration in magnetospheric systems is a …

Comprehensive Observations of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration, Sources, and Sinks (COMPASS): A Mission Concept to Jupiter’s Extreme Magnetosphere to Address Fundamental Mysteries in Heliophysics Open

G. Clark, Jim Kinnison, Dan Kelly, P. Kollmann, Wen Li , et al. · 2023

Physics

Origins 1. Discover how moon and ring material in the Jovian space environment contribute to radiation belts 2. Reveal the additional particle sources of the Jovian radiation belts Acceleration 3. Discover how Jupiter accelerates charged p…

Proton aurora and relativistic electron microbursts scattered by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves Open

Mykhaylo Shumko, Bea Gallardo‐Lacourt, Alexa Halford, Lauren Blum, Jun Liang , et al. · 2022

Physics

Charged particle precipitation from Earth’s magnetosphere results in stunning displays of the aurora and energy transfer into the atmosphere. Some of this precipitation is caused by wave-particle interactions. In this study, we present an …

Modeling the Lunar Radiation Environment: A Comparison Among FLUKA, Geant4, HETC‐HEDS, MCNP6, and PHITS Open

Fahad Zaman, Lawrence W. Townsend, W. C. de Wet, M. D. Looper, John Brittingham , et al. · 2022

Physics Art Engineering

Radiation transport codes have been an increasingly important tool for studying the space radiation environment, which includes high‐energy and high‐nuclear‐charge particles. The unique advantage of transport models lies in covering a wide…

Supporting data for "Modeling the albedo neutron decay source of radiation belt electrons and protons" Open

R. S. Selesnick, M. D. Looper · 2022

Physics Environmental science Art

Data sets are provided in support of the publication to appear in JGR-Space Physics. They include tabulated values of computed albedo neutron flux above the atmosphere, and of resulting radiation belt electron and proton source functions. …

Supporting data for "Modeling the albedo neutron decay source of radiation belt electrons and protons" Open

R. S. Selesnick, M. D. Looper · 2022

Physics Art

Data sets are provided in support of the publication to appear in JGR-Space Physics. They include tabulated values of computed albedo neutron flux above the atmosphere, and of resulting radiation belt electron and proton source functions. …

Supporting data for "Modeling the albedo neutron decay source of radiation belt electrons and protons" Open

R. S. Selesnick, M. D. Looper · 2022

Physics Art

Data sets are provided in support of the publication to appear in JGR-Space Physics. They include tabulated values of computed albedo neutron flux above the atmosphere, and of resulting radiation belt electron and proton source functions. …

Responsive Environmental Assessment Commercially Hosted (REACH) Open

T. B. Guild, T. P. O’Brien, A. J. Boyd, Joseph Mazur, M. D. Looper · 2022

Environmental science

This is the historical REACH data release. These are the “v3” files produced at The Aerospace Corporation, spanning March 2017 until December 2019. It is accompanied by a README (PDF), which includes a brief mission description, describes …

Responsive Environmental Assessment Commercially Hosted (REACH) Open

T. B. Guild, T. P. O’Brien, A. J. Boyd, Joseph Mazur, M. D. Looper · 2022

Environmental science Computer science

This is the historical REACH data release. These are the “v3” files produced at The Aerospace Corporation, spanning March 2017 until December 2019. It is accompanied by a README (PDF), which includes a brief mission description, describes …

Responsive Environmental Assessment Commercially Hosted (REACH) Open

T. B. Guild, T. P. O’Brien, A. J. Boyd, Joseph Mazur, M. D. Looper · 2022

Environmental science

This is the historical REACH data release. These are the “v3” files produced at The Aerospace Corporation, spanning March 2017 until December 2019. It is accompanied by a README (PDF), which includes a brief mission description, describes …

Responsive Environmental Assessment Commercially Hosted (REACH) Open

T. B. Guild, T. P. O’Brien, A. J. Boyd, Joseph Mazur, M. D. Looper · 2022

Environmental science Computer science

This is the historical REACH data release. These are the “v3” files produced at The Aerospace Corporation, spanning March 2017 until December 2019. It is accompanied by a README (PDF), which includes a brief mission description, describes …

Evidence for Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Emission from Solar Particle Events Open

G. M. Mason, M. E. Greenspan, S. G. Kanekal, R. A. Leske, M. D. Looper , et al. · 2021

Physics

We report the probable detection of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms (ENAs) at >0.8 MeV in several large solar energetic particle events observed between 1997 and 2004. The low Earth orbiting SAMPEX satellite detected transient increases o…

The Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer: A Review of On-Orbit Sensor Performance, Data, Operations, and Science Open

S. G. Claudepierre, J. B. Blake, A. J. Boyd, J. H. Clemmons, J. F. Fennell , et al. · 2021

Physics Computer science Geology

Measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probes have transformed our understanding of the dynamics of Earth’s geomagnetically-trapped, charged particle radiation. The Van Allen Probes were equipped with the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometers (M…

Sensor Response Files for the Relativistic Proton Spectrometer aboard NASA's Van Allen Probes Open

T. P. O’Brien, M. D. Looper, J. E. Mazur · 2021

Physics Environmental science Engineering

This data set provides the NASA Van Allen Probes Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) sensor response function files. These files provide the sensor’s response to protons and electrons as a function of energy and angle of incidence.

Sensor Response Files for the Relativistic Proton Spectrometer aboard NASA's Van Allen Probes Open

T. P. O’Brien, M. D. Looper, J. E. Mazur · 2021

Physics Geography

This data set provides the NASA Van Allen Probes Relativistic Proton Spectrometer (RPS) sensor response function files. These files provide the sensor’s response to protons and electrons as a function of energy and angle of incidence.

Characterization and Calibration of High‐Energy Electron Instruments Onboard the Arase Satellite Open

Inchun Park, Yoshizumi Miyoshi, Takefumi Mitani, Tomoaki Hori, Takeshi Takashima , et al. · 2021

Physics Materials science Mathematics

This study investigates the characterization and calibration of the high‐energy electron experiments (HEP) instrument onboard the exploration of energization and radiation in geospace (ERG). Two detector modules, HEP‐L and HEP‐H, which emp…

Long‐Term Observations of Galactic Cosmic Ray LET Spectra in Lunar Orbit by LRO/CRaTER Open

M. D. Looper, Joanna Mazur, J. B. Blake, H. E. Spence, N. A. Schwadron , et al. · 2020

Physics Sociology

The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) has been orbiting the Moon since 2009 aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). From this vantage point, it samples the interplanetary energetic particle population outsid…

Precise Detections of Solar Particle Events and a New View of the Moon Open

J. K. Wilson, H. E. Spence, N. A. Schwadron, A. W. Case, M. D. Looper , et al. · 2019

Physics Geology Art

We have invented a new method for detecting solar particle events using data from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Using a simple function of the total particle detec…

Update on Galactic Cosmic Ray Integral Flux Measurements in Lunar Orbit With CRaTER Open

C. Zeitlin, N. A. Schwadron, H. E. Spence, A. P. Jordan, M. D. Looper , et al. · 2019

Physics Engineering Materials science

We report updated measurements of the integral fluxes of energetic protons, helium ions, and heavier ions as measured by the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER). CRaTER is a particle telescope that has been operating…

A Revised Look at Relativistic Electrons in the Earth's Inner Radiation Zone and Slot Region Open

S. G. Claudepierre, T. P. O’Brien, M. D. Looper, J. B. Blake, J. F. Fennell , et al. · 2019

Physics

We describe a new, more accurate procedure for estimating and removing inner zone background contamination from Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) radiation belt measurements. This new procedure is based on the un…

Diagnosis of ULF Wave‐Particle Interactions With Megaelectron Volt Electrons: The Importance of Ultrahigh‐Resolution Energy Channels Open

Michael D. Hartinger, S. G. Claudepierre, D. L. Turner, G. D. Reeves, A. W. Breneman , et al. · 2018

Physics Materials science Computer science

Electron flux measurements are an important diagnostic for interactions between ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves and relativistic (∼1 MeV) electrons. Since measurements are collected by particle detectors with finite energy channel width, th…

Solar Energetic Proton Access to the Magnetosphere During the 10–14 September 2017 Particle Event Open

T. P. O’Brien, J. E. Mazur, M. D. Looper · 2018

Physics

We explore the penetration of >60 MeV protons into the magnetosphere during the 10–14 September 2017 solar energetic particle event. Solar energetic particles can cause single event effects and total dose degradation in spacecraft electron…

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