Explanipedia

Summary of the 5th IAEA technical meeting on fusion data processing, validation and analysis (FDPVA) Open

Min Xu, D. Mazon, Matteo Barbarino, W. Biel, R.M. Churchill , et al. · 2025

The purpose of the 5th International Atomic Energy Agency technical meeting on fusion data processing, validation and analysis (FDPVA) (Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 12–15 June 2023) was to provide a platform during which a set of topi…

Transport Characteristics and Modelling of ST40 Hot Ion Plasmas Open

MS Anastopoulos Tzanis, Matthew J. Hardman, Yong Zhang, Xin Zhang, A. Sladkomedova , et al. · 2025

In this paper, the turbulent transport properties of ST40 hot ion plasmas are examined and fully predictive time evolving modelling of a hot ion plasma pulse was performed. Understanding turbulent transport on spherical tokamaks (STs) is c…

Experimental observations of bifurcated power decay lengths in the near Scrape-Off Layer of ST40 High Field Spherical Tokamak Open

X. Zhang, C. Marsden, M. Moscheni, E. Maartensson, A. Rengle , et al. · 2024

Inferring the scrape-off layer heat flux width in a divertor with a low degree of axisymmetry Open

C. Marsden, X. Zhang, M. Moscheni, Timothy Gray, E. O. Vekshina , et al. · 2024

Overview of recent results from the ST40 compact high-field spherical tokamak Open

Steven McNamara, А. И. Алиева, Michail Savvas Anastopoulos Tzanis, O. Asunta, James Bland , et al. · 2024

ST40 is a compact, high-field ( ) spherical tokamak (ST) with a mission to expand the physics and technology basis for the ST route to commercial fusion. The ST40 research programme covers confinement and stability; solenoid-fre…

Design and commissioning of resistive foil bolometer diagnostics on the ST40 tokamak Open

Daniel Harryman, C. Colgan, J. Lovell, M. Moscheni, G. Naylor , et al. · 2024

Following successful campaigns on the compact high field spherical tokamak ST40, resistive gold foil bolometers have now been installed to measure the radiated power profile. Positioned on the midplane, two bolometer cameras offer perspect…

From minimum-viable-products to full models: a step-wise development of diagnostic forward models in support of design, analysis and modelling on the ST40 tokamak Open

M. Sertoli, А. И. Алиева, P.F. Buxton, A. Yu. Dnestrovskij, M.A. Gemmell , et al. · 2024

Like most magnetic confined fusion experiments, the ST40 tokamak started off with a small subset of diagnostics and gradually increased the diagnostic set to include more complex and comprehensive systems. To make the most of each operatio…

Exploring the physics of a high-performance H-mode scenario with small ELMs at low collisionality in JET with Be/W wall Open

E. de la Luna, J. García, M. Sertoli, P. Lomas, S. Mazzi , et al. · 2024

A new H-mode regime at low density and low edge safety factor ( q 95 = 3.2, with = 3 MA) that combines high energy confinement, stationary conditions for density and radiation and small Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) have been found in …

Inferring the scrape-off layer heat flux width in a divertor with a low degree of axisymmetry Open

Christopher T. Marsden, X Zhang, M. Moscheni, Timothy Gray, E. O. Vekshina , et al. · 2024

Plasma facing components (PFCs) in the next generation of tokamak devices will operate in challenging environments, with heat loads predicted to exceed 10 MWm$^{-2}$. The magnitude of these heat loads is set by the width of the channel, th…

Experimental observations of bifurcated power decay lengths in the near Scrape-Off Layer of tokamak plasmas Open

X Zhang, Christopher T. Marsden, M. Moscheni, E. Maartensson, A. Rengle , et al. · 2024

The scrape-off layer parallel heat flux decay lengths measured at ST40, a high field, low aspect ratio spherical tokamak, have been observed to bifurcate into two groups. The wide group matches closely with the scale of ion poloidal Larmou…

L-H transition studies in tritium and deuterium–tritium campaigns at JET with Be wall and W divertor Open

E.R. Solano, G. Birkenmeier, C. Silva, E. Delabie, J.C. Hillesheim , et al. · 2023

The recent deuterium–tritium campaign in JET-ILW (DTE2) has provided a unique opportunity to study the isotope dependence of the L-H power threshold in an ITER-like wall environment (Be wall and W divertor). Here we present results from de…

The JET hybrid scenario in Deuterium, Tritium and Deuterium-Tritium Open

J. Hobirk, C. Challis, A. Kappatou, E. Lerche, D. Keeling , et al. · 2023

The JET hybrid scenario has been developed from low plasma current carbon wall discharges to the record-breaking Deuterium-Tritium plasmas obtained in 2021 with the ITER-like Be/W wall. The development started in pure Deuterium with refine…

Isotope dependence of transport in ST40 hot ion mode plasmas Open

S. Kaye, M. Sertoli, P.F. Buxton, A. Yu. Dnestrovskii, Steven McNamara , et al. · 2023

The ST40 compact, high-field spherical tokamak, operating at 2.1 T and with 1.8 MW of neutral beam heating, achieved central carbon impurity ion temperatures in excess of 10 keV, surpassing their business milestone of 100 M ∘ C (8.6 keV). …

Linear instabilities in the hot-ion regime in a high-field spherical tokamak Open

Y. Ren, S. Kaye, Michail Savvas Anastopoulos Tzanis, M. Sertoli, A. Yu. Dnestrovskii , et al. · 2023

The present operating high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40 is an important step toward an ST-based fusion reactor (Gryaznevich and Asunta 2017 Fusion Eng. Des. 123 177; McNamara 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 054002). Temperature and density pr…

TriWaSp: a multi-faceted visible spectroscopy diagnostic on the ST40 tokamak Open

H.V. Willett, D. Osin, G. Naylor, J. Wood, B. Lomanowski , et al. · 2023

We present a new state-of-the-art Triple Wavelength Spectrometer (TriWaSp), recently deployed on ST40, a high field low aspect ratio spherical tokamak. The TriWaSp has a range of possible applications due to its flexible design; the curren…

Characterisation of ion temperature and toroidal rotation on the ST40 tokamak Open

J. Wood, B. Lomanowski, E. Delabie, H.V. Willett, M. Sertoli , et al. · 2023

ST40 is a high field low-aspect ratio spherical tokamak built and operated by Tokamak Energy Ltd. Recent plasma operations were aimed at exploring operational scenarios to maximise the central plasma temperature and have culminated in the …

Achievement of ion temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees Kelvin in the compact high-field spherical tokamak ST40 Open

Steven McNamara, O. Asunta, James Bland, P.F. Buxton, C. Colgan , et al. · 2023

Ion temperatures of over 100 million degrees Kelvin (8.6 keV) have been produced in the ST40 compact high-field spherical tokamak (ST). Ion temperatures in excess of 5 keV have not previously been reached in any ST and have only been obtai…

Forward modelling of camera view in ST40 informed by experimental data Open

Alex Aimetta, M. Moscheni, Lovepreet Singh, C. Marsden, A. Scarabosio , et al. · 2023

Embedding diagnostics in future pilot plants will be a challenging task, because of space- and irradiation-related concerns. Relying on high-fidelity synthetic diagnostics would then be valuable. The 3D Monte-Carlo ray-tracing code CHERAB …

Alfvén eigenmode stability in a JET afterglow deuterium plasma and projections to deuterium–tritium plasmas Open

A. Teplukhina, M. Podestá, F. M. Poli, M. Gorelenkova, P. J. Bonofiglo , et al. · 2023

The performance of fusion devices relies strongly on the good confinement of energetic particles (EPs). Therefore, the investigation of EP transport by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities is one of the key aspects in the development of plasm…

Perturbative analysis of low-frequency instabilities in high-field ST40 experiments Open

V. N. Duarte, Н. Н. Гореленков, S. Kaye, P. J. Bonofiglo, M. Podestá , et al. · 2023

Linear and nonlinear perturbative analyses of low-frequency instabilities are presented for ST40 spherical torus high field plasmas, with simultaneous neutral beam heating due to two tangential sources at 25 keV and 55 keV. Initial plasma …

H-mode dithering phase studies on ST40 Open

Y. Andrew, James Bland, P.F. Buxton, Alexei Dnestrovskij, M. Gryaznevich , et al. · 2023

The dithering H-mode phase, characterized by oscillations, is generally observed at input power values close to the L-H transition power threshold and low plasma collisionalities (low electron density and/or high plasma temperature). Measu…

Integrated modelling of neon impact on JET H-mode core plasmas Open

M. Marı́n, J. Citrin, C. Giroud, C. Bourdelle, Y. Camenen , et al. · 2022

Nuclear fusion reactor plasmas will need to exhaust a significant proportion of energy flux through radiative processes, to enable acceptable divertor loads. This can be obtained by line radiation from impurities, injected from the plasma …

Integrated modelling and multiscale gyrokinetic validation study of ETG turbulence in a JET hybrid H-mode scenario Open

J. Citrin, S. Maeyama, C. Angioni, N. Bonanomi, C. Bourdelle , et al. · 2022

Previous studies with first-principle-based integrated modelling suggested that electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence may lead to an anti-gyroBohm isotope scaling in JET high-performance hybrid H-mode scenarios. A dedicated compar…

Fusion power predictions for β <sub>N</sub> ≈ 1.8 baseline scenario with 50–50 D–T fuel mix and NBI injection in preparation to D–T operations at JET Open

V.K. Zotta, L. Garzotti, F. J. Casson, D. Frigione, F. Köchl , et al. · 2022

The fusion performance of ELMy H-mode 50–50 deuterium–tritium (DT) plasmas with 50–50 DT NBI injection and q 95 ≈ 3 and β N ≈ 1.8 (also referred to as medium- β N baseline scenario in the rest of this paper) are predicted with the JINTRAC …

New H-mode regimes with small ELMs and high thermal confinement in the Joint European Torus Open

J. García, E. de la Luna, M. Sertoli, F. J. Casson, S. Mazzi , et al. · 2022

New H-mode regimes with high confinement, low core impurity accumulation, and small edge-localized mode perturbations have been obtained in magnetically confined plasmas at the Joint European Torus tokamak. Such regimes are achieved by mea…

Role of NBI fuelling in contributing to density peaking between the ICRH and NBI identity plasmas on JET Open

T. Tala, F. Eriksson, P. Mantica, A. Mariani, Anna Salmi , et al. · 2022

Density peaking has been studied between an ICRH and NBI identity plasma in JET. The comparison shows that 8 MW of NBI heating/fueling increases the density peaking by a factor of two, being R / L n = 0.45 for the ICRH pulse and R / L n = …

Recent progress in L–H transition studies at JET: tritium, helium, hydrogen and deuterium Open

E.R. Solano, E. Delabie, G. Birkenmeier, C. Silva, J. C. Hillesheim , et al. · 2022

We present an overview of results from a series of L–H transition experiments undertaken at JET since the installation of the ITER-like-wall (JET-ILW), with beryllium wall tiles and a tungsten divertor. Tritium, helium and deuterium plasma…

Understanding tungsten erosion during inter/intra-ELM periods in He-dominated JET-ILW plasmas Open

A. Huber, S. Brezinsek, V. Huber, E.R. Solano, G. Sergienko , et al. · 2021

Tungsten erosion was quantified during inter/intra-ELM periods in He-dominated JET-ILW plasmas by optical emission spectroscopy. The intra-ELM tungsten sputtering in helium plasmas, which dominates the total W source, prevails by a factor …

The impact of fuelling and W radiation on the performance of high-power, ITER-baseline scenario plasmas in JET-ILW Open

A. R. Field, S. Aleiferis, É. Belonohy, P. Carvalho, I. Coffey , et al. · 2021

Sustained operation of high-performance, ITER-baseline scenario plasmas at the high levels of input power ( ) required to achieve ∼15 MW of D-T fusion power in JET-ILW requires careful optimisation of the fuelling to avoid an unaccep…

The role of electron-scale turbulence in the JET tokamak: experiments and modelling Open

P. Mantica, N. Bonanomi, A. Mariani, P. Carvalho, E. Delabie , et al. · 2021

Dedicated electron heat transport experiments have been carried out in L- and H-mode Deuterium plasmas of the JET-ILW tokamak to identify the amount of electron heat carried by electron-scale electron temperature gradient (ETG) modes. Ion …

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