Explanipedia

Identification and control of the exhaust using gas perturbations in the DIII-D tokamak Open

Lennard Ceelen, J.T.W. Koenders, D. Eldon, H. Anand, Gijs Derks , et al. · 2025

This paper presents perturbative experiments that enable the validation and development of control-oriented models for exhaust control. We identify the response of the divertor plasma and scrape-off layer in the DIII-D tokamak to deuterium…

Estimating Reaction Rate Constants from Impedance Spectra: Combining Microkinetic Modeling and Experiments of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Open

Bart F. H. van den Boorn, Freja Vandeputte, M. van Berkel, Crizaldo Mempin, Debashrita Sarkar , et al. · 2025

Knowledge of the reaction rate constants can be vital in understanding electrochemical reaction mechanisms and their rate-determining processes. Although first-principles methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), provide valuable i…

MPC strategies for density profile control with pellet fueling in nuclear fusion tokamaks under uncertainty Open

Christopher A. Orrico, Hari Prasad Varadarajan, M. van Berkel, Lennard Ceelen, T.O.S.J. Bosman , et al. · 2025

Control of the density profile based on pellet fueling for the ITER nuclear fusion tokamak involves a multi-rate nonlinear system with safety-critical constraints, input delays, and discrete actuators with parametric uncertainty. To addres…

Double-null power-sharing dynamics in MAST-U Open

B. Kool, Thomas Marinus van den Doel, Gijs Derks, S. Henderson, J. Lovell , et al. · 2025

Maintaining an effective double-null (DN) configuration is expected to be challenging in reactor-scale tokamak devices. As divertor power-sharing is closely linked to the magnetic topology, even minor variations can lead to fast power-shar…

Demonstration of Super-X divertor exhaust control for transient heat load management in compact fusion reactors Open

B. Kool, K. Verhaegh, Gijs Derks, T. Wijkamp, J.T.W. Koenders , et al. · 2025

Nuclear fusion could offer clean, abundant energy. However, managing the power exhausted from the core fusion plasma towards the reactor wall remains a major challenge. This is compounded in emerging compact reactor designs promising more …

Particle transport modelling for D/T ratio control experiments in JET Open

M. Lennholm, L. Piron, D. Valcárcel, Peter C. Almond, M. Baruzzo , et al. · 2025

This study presents results from particle transport modelling for D/T ratio control experiments conducted during the JET DTE3 campaign. TRANSP interpretative and JETTO predictive simulations for D and T densities were performed and their r…

Predictive density profile control with discrete pellets, applied to integrated simulations of ITER Open

C. Orrico, M. van Berkel, T.O.S.J. Bosman, Lennard Ceelen, W.P.M.H. Heemels , et al. · 2025

Reliable core density control with pellet fueling will be necessary to achieve required fusion power output in future fusion tokamaks such as ITER. The discrete nature of fuel pellets, however, complicates the density profile control probl…

Fusion Burn Regulation via Deuterium Tritium Mixture Control in the Joint European Torus Open

M. Lennholm, L. Piron, D. Valcárcel, Peter R. Almond, M. Baruzzo , et al. · 2025

The first generation of nuclear fusion reactors is expected to operate using a mixture of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) fuel. Controlling the D:T ratio is a promising option to control the fusion burn rate. The Joint European Torus (JET), …

Machine learning enhanced tomographic reconstruction for multispectral imaging on TCV Open

Lan Van Leeuwen, Maarten Schoukens, J. Citrin, M. van Berkel, B.P. Duval , et al. · 2025

A multispectral camera setup is used to infer a 2D map of plasma parameters in a tokamak from spectral emissions. However, the light measured by these cameras is line integrated in the toroidal direction, whereas emissivities on the poloid…

From MAST-U to STEP: a power exhaust control strategy Open

B. Kool, M. Lennholm, A. Parrot, Paulo Soares Figueiredo, Gijs Derks , et al. · 2025

X-point radiator control and its dynamics in ASDEX Upgrade and JET deuterium–tritium discharges Open

T.O.S.J. Bosman, M. Bernert, Lennard Ceelen, B. Sieglin, J.T.W. Koenders , et al. · 2024

Control of heat exhaust is essential for the operation of power producing fusion reactors. Here, we present results of heat exhaust feedback control experiments in JET and AUG. In JET, we demonstrate the first X-point radiator (XPR) contro…

iFLOW: A Framework and GUI to Quantify Effective Thermal Diffusivity and Advection in Permeable Materials From Temperature Time Series Open

Andrea Bertagnoli, Charles H. Luce, Ricky van Kampen, Uwe Schneidewind, M. van Berkel , et al. · 2024

iFLOW is a free, open‐source, and python‐based framework and graphical user interface to visualize and analyze temperature time series, and extract one dimensional thermal velocity, v T , and bulk effective thermal diffusivity, k e . Infor…

First demonstration of Super-X divertor exhaust control for transient heat load management in compact fusion reactors Open

B. Kool, K. Verhaegh, Gijs Derks, T. Wijkamp, J.T.W. Koenders , et al. · 2024

Nuclear fusion could offer clean, abundant energy. However, managing the power exhausted from the core fusion plasma towards the reactor wall remains a major challenge, compounded in emerging compact reactor designs promising more cost-eff…

Overview of Large Helical Device experiments of basic plasma physics for solving crucial issues in reaching burning plasma conditions Open

K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, M. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, N. Kenmochi , et al. · 2024

Recently, experiments on basic plasma physics issues for solving future problems in fusion energy have been performed on a Large Helical Device. There are several problems to be solved in future devices for fusion energy. Emerging issues i…

Controlling a new plasma regime Open

M. Lennholm, S. Aleiferis, S. Bakes, O. Bardsley, M. van Berkel , et al. · 2024

Success of the UK’s Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) programme requires a robust plasma control system. This system has to guide the plasma from initiation to the burning phase, maintain it there, produce the desired fusion p…

First demonstration of Super-X divertor exhaust control for transient heat load management in compact fusion reactors Open

B. Kool, K. Verhaegh, Gianne Derks, T. Wijkamp, N. Lonigro , et al. · 2024

Nuclear fusion could offer clean, abundant energy. However, managing the immense power exhausted from the core fusion plasma towards the divertor remains a major challenge. This is compounded in emerging compact reactor designs which promi…

Plasma control for the step prototype power plant Open

M. Lennholm, S. Aleiferis, S. Bakes, O. Bardsley, M. van Berkel , et al. · 2024

In 2019 the UK launched the Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP) programme to design and build a prototype electricity producing nuclear fusion power plant, aiming to start operation around 2040. The plant should lay the foundati…

Development of real-time density feedback control on MAST-U in L-mode Open

Gijs Derks, B. Kool, C.H. Vincent, S. Elmore, S. Henderson , et al. · 2024

Overview of advances in ASDEX Upgrade plasma control to support critical physics research for ITER and beyond Open

O. Kudláček, P. David, I. Gomez, A. Gräter, B. Sieglin , et al. · 2024

The successful operation of fusion reactors requires plasma scenarios with good core confinement and acceptable first wall heat loads that are stable and robust to external perturbations. This poses both physical and technological challeng…

Multi-machine benchmark of the self-consistent 1D scrape-off layer model DIV1D from stagnation point to target with SOLPS-ITER Open

Gijs Derks, E. Westerhof, M. van Berkel, J H Jenneskens, J.T.W. Koenders , et al. · 2024

This paper extends a 1D dynamic physics-based model of the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma, DIV1D, to include the core SOL and possibly a second target. The extended model is benchmarked on 1D mapped SOLPS-ITER simulations to find input sett…

Integrated model control simulations of the electron density profile and the implications of using multiple discrete pellet injectors for control Open

T.O.S.J. Bosman, F. Koechl, A. Ho, M.R. de Baar, Dinesh Krishnamoorthy , et al. · 2023

Pellet injection is regarded as the only realistic actuator for core density control in future reactors such as ITER and DEMO. However, a control strategy that can reliably regulate the plasma close to operational limits using multiple pel…

Systematic design of a multi-input multi-output controller by model-based decoupling: a demonstration on TCV using multi-species gas injection Open

J.T.W. Koenders, A. Perek, C. Galperti, B.P. Duval, O. Février , et al. · 2023

In this paper, we present the first results of a systematically designed multi-input multi-output gas-injection controller on Tokamak á Configuration Variable (TCV). We demonstrate the simultaneous real-time control of the NII emission fro…

Mixed-Integer MPC Strategies for Fueling and Density Control in Fusion Tokamaks Open

Christopher A. Orrico, M. van Berkel, T.O.S.J. Bosman, W.P.M.H. Heemels, Dinesh Krishnamoorthy · 2023

Model predictive control (MPC) is promising for fueling and core density feedback control in nuclear fusion tokamaks, where the primary actuators, frozen hydrogen fuel pellets fired into the plasma, are discrete. Previous density feedback …

Corrigendum: Model-based impurity emission front control using deuterium fueling and nitrogen seeding in TCV (2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 026006) Open

J.T.W. Koenders, A. Perek, B. Kool, O. Février, T. Ravensbergen , et al. · 2023

In the published paper titled ‘Model-based impurity emission front control using deuterium fueling and nitrogen seeding in TCV’ (2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 026006), the legend of figure 5 shows the wrong colors: red and blue are switched. This c…

Targeting a Versatile Actuator for EU-DEMO: Real Time Monitoring of Pellet Delivery to Facilitate Burn Control Open

P. T. Lang, M. van Berkel, W. Biel, T.O.S.J. Bosman, P. David , et al. · 2023

Core particle fueling, an essential task in the European demonstration fusion power plant EU-DEMO, relies on adequate pellet injection. However, pellets are fragile objects, and their delivery efficiency can hardly be assumed to be unity. …

Fast simultaneous estimation of nD transport coefficients and source function in perturbation experiments Open

Ricky van Kampen, Jelle de Vries, S. Weiland, M. de Baar, M. van Berkel · 2023

The X-Point radiating regime at ASDEX Upgrade and TCV Open

M. Bernert, S. Wiesen, O. Février, A. Kallenbach, J.T.W. Koenders , et al. · 2023

Mixed-Integer MPC Strategies for Fueling and Density Control in Fusion Tokamaks Open

C. Orrico, M. van Berkel, T.O.S.J. Bosman, W.P.M.H. Heemels, Dinesh Krishnamoorthy · 2023

Model predictive control (MPC) is promising for fueling and core density feedback control in nuclear fusion tokamaks, where the primary actuators, frozen hydrogen fuel pellets fired into the plasma, are discrete. Previous density feedback …

Quantifying electron cyclotron power deposition broadening in DIII-D and the potential consequences for the ITER EC system Open

J.H. Slief, Ricky van Kampen, M. W. Brookman, Jan van Dijk, E. Westerhof , et al. · 2022

The injection of electron cyclotron (EC) waves fulfills a number of important tasks in nuclear fusion devices for which detailed knowledge of the spatial power deposition profile is critical. This deposition profile is commonly determined …

Model-based impurity emission front control using deuterium fueling and nitrogen seeding in TCV Open

J.T.W. Koenders, A. Perek, B. Kool, O. Février, T. Ravensbergen , et al. · 2022

This paper presents the first result using nitrogen-seeded exhaust feedback control of the NII impurity emission front in TCV. The NII emission front position is consistently located below its commonly used CIII counterpart, indicating the…

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