Mary Patricia Nowalk
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View article: Upper airway transcriptomics early after SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify individuals likely to develop symptomatic infection
Upper airway transcriptomics early after SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify individuals likely to develop symptomatic infection Open
Prediction of outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains challenging, particularly in the early days following exposure. To better understand the heterogeneity of disease progression, we investigated the early immune response in the upper re…
View article: Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024–February 2025
Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024–February 2025 Open
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months in the United States. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated among patients with acute respiratory illness-associated outpatient visits and hos…
View article: P-47. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in Adults with Liver Diseases
P-47. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in Adults with Liver Diseases Open
Background Influenza causes 100,000-710,000 hospitalizations annually in the U.S. Patients with liver disease are at higher risk of severe outcomes following influenza virus infection. While vaccination has been shown to be effective in pr…
View article: P-1270. Using Machine Learning and ICD-10 Codes to Identify Cases of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza, 2015-2020, US Flu VE Network
P-1270. Using Machine Learning and ICD-10 Codes to Identify Cases of Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza, 2015-2020, US Flu VE Network Open
Background The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) has unique codes for influenza. Accurate classification of influenza is necessary to calculate unbiased vaccine effectiveness and typically requires laboratory testing. We us…
View article: Vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations in adults with liver disease, 2015–2020: US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN)
Vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations in adults with liver disease, 2015–2020: US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN) Open
Influenza causes 100,000-710,000 hospitalizations annually in the U.S. Patients with liver disease are at higher risk of severe outcomes following influenza infection. This study evaluated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influ…
View article: Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023–2024 Season
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatients Illness, United States, 2023–2024 Season Open
Background The 2023–2024 US influenza season was characterized by a predominance of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation with cocirculation of A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the United States against m…
View article: Cost-Effectiveness and Public Health Impact of 24-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Compared With the Recommended Pneumococcal Vaccines in Older Adults
Cost-Effectiveness and Public Health Impact of 24-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Compared With the Recommended Pneumococcal Vaccines in Older Adults Open
In older adults, 24-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was clinically and economically unfavorable compared with 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which covers more adult disease-causing pneumococcal serotypes and is less suscep…
View article: Smoking and serological response to influenza vaccine
Smoking and serological response to influenza vaccine Open
Cigarette smoking confers additional risk from influenza. This study assessed the effect of smoking on humoral immune response to influenza vaccine. Adults ≥50 y of age were enrolled during the 2011-2016 influenza vaccination seasons in an…
View article: Cost-effectiveness of recombinant influenza vaccine compared with standard dose influenza vaccine in adults 18–64 years of age
Cost-effectiveness of recombinant influenza vaccine compared with standard dose influenza vaccine in adults 18–64 years of age Open
While RIV4 was effective and cost-effective relative to SD-IIV4 for both 50-64-year-old and 18-64-year-old adults, cost-effectiveness was sensitive to small changes in parameters among 18-64-year-olds. Because substantial public health ben…
View article: Effectiveness of the influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in outpatient immunocompromised adults, 2017–2018
Effectiveness of the influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza infections in outpatient immunocompromised adults, 2017–2018 Open
While the number of immunocompromised (IC) individuals continues to rise, the existing literature on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in IC populations is limited. Understanding the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the seasonal influenza …
View article: Going (Anti)Viral: Improving HIV and HCV Screening and HPV Vaccination in Primary Care
Going (Anti)Viral: Improving HIV and HCV Screening and HPV Vaccination in Primary Care Open
Family medicine residency office-based multistrategy efforts appear to successfully increase patient uptake of HIV and HCV screenings and maintain HPV vaccination rates.
View article: Changes in the cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination and of programs to increase its uptake in U.S. older adults
Changes in the cost‐effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination and of programs to increase its uptake in U.S. older adults Open
Background Multiple factors, such as less complex U.S. adult pneumococcal recommendations that could increase vaccination rates, childhood pneumococcal vaccination indirect effects that decrease adult vaccination impact, and increased vacc…
View article: Late‐Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Illness, United States, December 2022–April 2023
Late‐Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Illness, United States, December 2022–April 2023 Open
Background The 2022–23 US influenza season peaked early in fall 2022. Methods Late‐season influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against outpatient, laboratory‐confirmed influenza was calculated among participants of the US Influenza VE Netw…
View article: Reduced Effectiveness of Repeat Influenza Vaccination: Distinguishing Among Within-Season Waning, Recent Clinical Infection, and Subclinical Infection
Reduced Effectiveness of Repeat Influenza Vaccination: Distinguishing Among Within-Season Waning, Recent Clinical Infection, and Subclinical Infection Open
Studies have reported that prior-season influenza vaccination is associated with higher risk of clinical influenza infection among vaccinees. This effect might arise from incomplete consideration of within-season waning and recent infectio…
View article: Health-related Quality of Life following Mild (COVID)-19 Illness
Health-related Quality of Life following Mild (COVID)-19 Illness Open
Objectives: A cluster analysis was undertaken to help explain reported differences in health-related quality of life among acute respiratory illness (ARI) outpatients. Methods: Symptomatic enrollees (18-87 years) completed the Short Form H…
View article: Interim Estimates of 2023–24 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States
Interim Estimates of 2023–24 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness — United States Open
In the United States, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months. Using data from four vaccine effectiveness (VE) networks during the 2023-24 influenza season, interim influenza VE was estimated among patien…
View article: Estimating the Burden of Adult Hospitalized RSV Infection Using Local and State Data - Methodology
Estimating the Burden of Adult Hospitalized RSV Infection Using Local and State Data - Methodology Open
Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is becoming increasingly recognized as a serious threat to vulnerable population subgroups. The Epidemiology, Burden, and Cost (EBC) of RSV Infection Study is a retrospective cohort study of ad…
View article: Work Attendance with Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018–2022
Work Attendance with Acute Respiratory Illness Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, 2018–2022 Open
Both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, or symptomatic infected persons. We assessed effects on work attendance while ill before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by analy…
View article: Differential Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Children During the 2018–2019 Season
Differential Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Children During the 2018–2019 Season Open
Background Cell-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to have higher vaccine effectiveness than traditional egg-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine. This is observed despite similar levels of serum he…
View article: Willingness to Co-receive COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccines among Outpatients
Willingness to Co-receive COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccines among Outpatients Open
Objectives: This study was designed to examine future willingness to co-receive COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and factors associated with that willingness among outpatients with acute respiratory illness (ARI). Methods: Outpatients ≥15 y…