Michael Ropp
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View article: An exploration of how the geographic distribution of power sources impacts power system resilience
An exploration of how the geographic distribution of power sources impacts power system resilience Open
The purpose of this paper is to qualitatively explore the question of whether as a power system’s sources and energy storage become more distributed, the power system also tends to become more resilient. The paper is divided into two main …
View article: Distributed Priority-Based Load Shedding over Time-Varying Communication Networks
Distributed Priority-Based Load Shedding over Time-Varying Communication Networks Open
We study the problem of distributed optimal resource allocation on networks with actions defined on discrete spaces, with applications to adaptive under-frequency load-shedding in power systems. In this context, the primary objective is to…
View article: Impact of synchronous condensers on fault location and black start in multi-inverter isolated microgrids
Impact of synchronous condensers on fault location and black start in multi-inverter isolated microgrids Open
Synchronous condensers have been used in power systems for decades, but they are now attracting interest as a potential means for solving certain issues associated with inverter-based resources in islanded power systems. They have been ext…
View article: Options for Upgrading Low-Voltage Spot Network Protection to Increase DER Interconnection Capacity
Options for Upgrading Low-Voltage Spot Network Protection to Increase DER Interconnection Capacity Open
Existing standards and policies for interconnecting distributed energy resources (DERs) into low voltage spot networks severely limits the amount of DER installed on those networks to avoid negative impacts on protection systems. This repo…
View article: Protection Approaches for Self-Healing Microgrids Using Only Local Measurements
Protection Approaches for Self-Healing Microgrids Using Only Local Measurements Open
Fault location, isolation, and service restoration of a self-healing, self-assembling microgrid operating off-grid from distributed inverter-based resources (IBRs) can be a unique challenge because of the fault current limitations and unce…
View article: Increasing DER Hosting Capacity in Meshed Low-Voltage Grids with Modified Network Protector Relay Settings
Increasing DER Hosting Capacity in Meshed Low-Voltage Grids with Modified Network Protector Relay Settings Open
Due to their increased levels of reliability, meshed low-voltage (LV) grid and spot networks are common topologies for supplying power to dense urban areas and critical customers. Protection schemes for LV networks often use highly sensiti…
View article: Microgrid Modeling for Stability Analysis
Microgrid Modeling for Stability Analysis Open
Here this document is a summary of a report prepared by the IEEE PES Task Force (TF) on Microgrid (MG) Dynamic Modeling, IEEE Power and Energy Society, Tech. Rep. PES-TR106, 2023. In this paper, the major issues and challenges in microgrid…
View article: Self-healing, self-assembling islanded power systems using only local measurements
Self-healing, self-assembling islanded power systems using only local measurements Open
This SAND report collects the results from the LDRD project “SHAZAM”, which aimed to push the limits of performance for self-healing, self-assembling power systems whose sectionalizing and load-control agents rely on local measurements onl…
View article: Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 1: Utility Workshop and Low-Voltage Network Modeling
Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 1: Utility Workshop and Low-Voltage Network Modeling Open
The growing distributed energy resources (DER) penetration in the low-voltage network (600V and below) challenges the existing protection philosophy and practice. To assess the impact of high DER penetration, the authors built a representa…
View article: Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 2: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategy
Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 2: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategy Open
This is the second part of a two-part paper series. In the Part 1 paper, the authors summarize the utility workshop outcomes and low-voltage network modeling approaches. In this Part 2 paper, we developed and validated an accurate network …
View article: Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 2: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategy
Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 2: Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategy Open
This is the second part of a two-part paper series. In the Part 1 paper, the authors summarize the utility workshop outcomes and low-voltage network modeling approaches. In this Part 2 paper, we developed and validated an accurate network …
View article: Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 1: Utility Workshop and Low-Voltage Network Modeling
Protection and Control Challenges of Low-Voltage Networks with High Distributed Energy Resources Penetration - Part 1: Utility Workshop and Low-Voltage Network Modeling Open
The growing distributed energy resources (DER) penetration in the low-voltage network (600V and below) challenges the existing protection philosophy and practice. To assess the impact of high DER penetration, the authors built a representa…
View article: Hardware-in-the-loop Testing of Network Protectors for Low-Voltage Networks with Distributed Energy Resources
Hardware-in-the-loop Testing of Network Protectors for Low-Voltage Networks with Distributed Energy Resources Open
In this report, we developed and validated a network protector relay digital twin model and interfaced a commonly used network protector relay hardware with our real-time simulation system. Hardware-in-the-loop protection studies are perfo…
View article: Detection and Prevention of Unintentional Formation of Loops in Self-Healing Power Systems and Microgrids
Detection and Prevention of Unintentional Formation of Loops in Self-Healing Power Systems and Microgrids Open
Self-healing or self-assembling power systems that rely on local measurements for decision making can provide significant resilience benefits, but they also must include safeguards that prevent the system from self-assembling into an undes…
View article: Subharmonic power line carrier based island detection systems and methods
Subharmonic power line carrier based island detection systems and methods Open
Systems and methods for identifying an island condition in a power distribution system and disconnecting distributed generators in the case of islanding. The systems and methods are used to enable reliable detection of island formation wit…
View article: Overview of Functional Technical Requirements for Intentional Islands
Overview of Functional Technical Requirements for Intentional Islands Open
This document provides an overview of intentional islands, otherwise known as microgrids. The topics covered include common types of microgrid configurations, high level summaries of standards that address some aspect of microgrid implemen…
View article: Designing Resilient Communities: Hardware demonstration of resilience nodes concept
Designing Resilient Communities: Hardware demonstration of resilience nodes concept Open
As part of the project “Designing Resilient Communities (DRC): A Consequence-Based Approach for Grid Investment,” funded by the United States (US) Department of Energy’s (DOE) Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium (GMLC), Sandia Nationa…
View article: Protection Elements for Self-Healing Microgrids Using Only Local Measurements
Protection Elements for Self-Healing Microgrids Using Only Local Measurements Open
There are unique challenges associated with protection and self-healing of microgrids energized by multiple inverterbased distributed energy resources. In this study, prioritized undervoltage load shedding and undervoltage-supervised overc…
View article: System Integration Analysis for Modular Solid-State Substations
System Integration Analysis for Modular Solid-State Substations Open
Structural modularity is critical to solid-state transformer (SST) and solid-state power substation (SSPS) concepts, but operational aspects related to this modularity are not yet fully understood. Previous studies and demonstrations of mo…
View article: 2022 Peer Review Project Summary: Advanced Protection for Microgrids and DER in Secondary Networks and Meshed Distribution Systems
2022 Peer Review Project Summary: Advanced Protection for Microgrids and DER in Secondary Networks and Meshed Distribution Systems Open
Although there are increasing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) and microgrids being deployed, current IEEE and utility standards generally strictly limit their interconnection inside secondary networks. Secondary networks are…
View article: COVID-19 Technical Assistance Program: Agrivoltaic for Rural Economic Development and Electric Grids Resilience
COVID-19 Technical Assistance Program: Agrivoltaic for Rural Economic Development and Electric Grids Resilience Open
Over the past 50 years, the Renewable Energy Program at Sandia has advanced research in the field with a focus on three key goals; 1) reduce the cost, 2) improve resilience and reliability and, 3) decrease the regulatory burden of renewabl…
View article: Study of Codes & Standards for Energy Storage Systems: A Report to Congress
Study of Codes & Standards for Energy Storage Systems: A Report to Congress Open
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (H.R. 3684, 2021) directed the Secretary of Energy to prepare a report identifying the existing codes and standards for energy storage technologies. The stated goals for the report are to enhance …