Millennia Young
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View article: Food acceptability and selection by astronauts on International Space Station missions informs strategies and risks for deep space exploration
Food acceptability and selection by astronauts on International Space Station missions informs strategies and risks for deep space exploration Open
Characterization of the relationship between food system acceptability and repeat consumption within the spaceflight food system may be linked to caloric intake but the impact of food acceptability and repeat consumption has not been previ…
View article: Effects of hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure on immune function – results from a spacecraft-relevant hypobaric chamber study
Effects of hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure on immune function – results from a spacecraft-relevant hypobaric chamber study Open
Introduction Although the International Space Station provides a normoxic environment, deep space missions are expected to leverage a hypobaric, mildly hypoxic living environment to facilitate frequent extravehicular activities EVAs, aka s…
View article: Daily use of countermeasures to prevent headward fluid shifts throughout 30 days of strict head-down tilt bed rest
Daily use of countermeasures to prevent headward fluid shifts throughout 30 days of strict head-down tilt bed rest Open
We demonstrate that daily use of lower body negative pressure or venoconstrictive thigh cuffs following aerobic exercise is well tolerated throughout 30 days of exposure to the spaceflight analog strict head-down tilt bed rest. Both counte…
View article: Normal variation in brain volumetrics, CSF dynamics, and ocular structures from magnetic resonance images of healthy participants over two years
Normal variation in brain volumetrics, CSF dynamics, and ocular structures from magnetic resonance images of healthy participants over two years Open
We report estimated thresholds of normal variability from methodological and physiological sources in brain and ocular outcomes in healthy participants. Outcomes that exceed these thresholds have less than a 5% probability of occurring due…
View article: The long-term stability of solid-state oral pharmaceuticals exposed to simulated intravehicular space radiation
The long-term stability of solid-state oral pharmaceuticals exposed to simulated intravehicular space radiation Open
Pharmaceutical products brought for space missions must remain effective and safe throughout the mission. Previous NASA experiments suggest that radiation exposure could threaten drug stability during long-duration space missions. The Expl…
View article: Cardiovascular responses to standing with and without lower body compression garments after long-duration spaceflight
Cardiovascular responses to standing with and without lower body compression garments after long-duration spaceflight Open
Cardiovascular adaptations during long-duration spaceflight increase the likelihood of orthostatic intolerance upon re-exposure to gravity, and thus, countermeasures have been developed. Here we report findings derived across four National…
View article: Brain and cerebrospinal fluid 3D center of mass shift after spaceflight
Brain and cerebrospinal fluid 3D center of mass shift after spaceflight Open
View article: Arterial structure and function in the years after long-duration spaceflight
Arterial structure and function in the years after long-duration spaceflight Open
Previous investigations focused on in- and immediate postflight cardiovascular health indices. Here we report that in the 5 years after long-duration spaceflight in low Earth orbit, there was no evidence of increased carotid artery intima-…
View article: Occult metastases and survival of lung cancer by clinical diagnosis and CT screening: A simulation study
Occult metastases and survival of lung cancer by clinical diagnosis and CT screening: A simulation study Open
Objectives It is significant to know how much early detection and screening could reduce the proportion of occult metastases and benefit NSCLC patients. Methods We used previously designed and validated mathematical models to obtain the ch…
View article: Changes to human sleep architecture during long‐duration spaceflight
Changes to human sleep architecture during long‐duration spaceflight Open
Summary Both rapid eye movement and non‐rapid eye movement sleep are important for cognitive function and well‐being, yet few studies have examined whether human sleep architecture is affected by long‐duration spaceflight. We recorded 256 …
View article: Jugular venous flow dynamics during acute weightlessness
Jugular venous flow dynamics during acute weightlessness Open
The absence of hydrostatic pressure gradients in the vascular system and loss of tissue weight during weightlessness results in altered flow dynamics in the left internal jugular vein in some astronauts that may contribute to an increased …
View article: Pick-and-eat space crop production flight testing on the International Space Station
Pick-and-eat space crop production flight testing on the International Space Station Open
Fresh, nutritious, palatable produce for crew consumption on long-duration spaceflight missions may provide health-promoting, bioavailable nutrients and enhance the dietary experience. VEG-04A and VEG-04B explored growing leafy greens on t…
View article: Optic disc edema during strict 6° head-down tilt bed rest is related to one-carbon metabolism pathway genetics and optic cup volume
Optic disc edema during strict 6° head-down tilt bed rest is related to one-carbon metabolism pathway genetics and optic cup volume Open
Some astronauts on International Space Station missions experience neuroophthalmological pathologies as part of spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). Strict head-down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) is a spaceflight analog that replic…
View article: Uneven terrain affects metabolic cost and gait in simulated complex lunar surfaces
Uneven terrain affects metabolic cost and gait in simulated complex lunar surfaces Open
Objective . Upcoming missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the Moon will include extensive human exploration of the lunar surface. Walking will be essential for many exploration tasks, and metabolic cost d…
View article: P11-057-23 Genetics of One-Carbon Metabolism Are Associated With Optic Disc Edema in a Ground-Based Model of Spaceflight
P11-057-23 Genetics of One-Carbon Metabolism Are Associated With Optic Disc Edema in a Ground-Based Model of Spaceflight Open
View article: Antiviral treatment with valacyclovir reduces virus shedding in saliva of Antarctic expeditioners
Antiviral treatment with valacyclovir reduces virus shedding in saliva of Antarctic expeditioners Open
Introduction Reactivation of herpes viruses, such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), and varicella zoster virus (VZV), increases in astronauts during spaceflight, compared with their preflight and postflight levels…
View article: Author Response: The Posterior Displacement of the Bruch's Membrane Opening: A Surprising Finding in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome
Author Response: The Posterior Displacement of the Bruch's Membrane Opening: A Surprising Finding in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome Open
View article: The effect of long-term spaceflight on drug potency and the risk of medication failure
The effect of long-term spaceflight on drug potency and the risk of medication failure Open
Pharmaceuticals selected for exploration space missions must remain stable and effective throughout mission timeframes. Although there have been six spaceflight drug stability studies, there has not been a comprehensive analytical analysis…
View article: Ocular Deformations in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Ocular Deformations in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Open
This study showed substantial differences in the degree of disc edema and the pattern of ocular deformations between IIH and SANS. The precise cause for these differences is unknown but suggests that there may be fundamental differences in…
View article: Impact of diet on human nutrition, immune response, gut microbiome, and cognition in an isolated and confined mission environment
Impact of diet on human nutrition, immune response, gut microbiome, and cognition in an isolated and confined mission environment Open
View article: Identification of Factors Associated With the Development of Optic Disc Edema During Spaceflight
Identification of Factors Associated With the Development of Optic Disc Edema During Spaceflight Open
Importance Approximately 70% of crew members who complete long-duration missions to the International Space Station develop signs of optic disc edema, a hallmark finding of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome. The onset and magnit…
View article: Analysis of the Effect of Spaceflight on Drug Potency to Quantify the Risk of Medication Failure for Exploration Space Missions
Analysis of the Effect of Spaceflight on Drug Potency to Quantify the Risk of Medication Failure for Exploration Space Missions Open
Pharmaceuticals selected for exploration space missions must remain stable and effective throughout mission timeframes. Although there have been six spaceflight drug stability studies, there has not been an analysis of these data. We sough…
View article: Opposite response of blood vessels in the retina to 6° head-down tilt and long-duration microgravity
Opposite response of blood vessels in the retina to 6° head-down tilt and long-duration microgravity Open
View article: Impact of galactic cosmic ray simulation on nutritional content of foods
Impact of galactic cosmic ray simulation on nutritional content of foods Open
Foods packaged for future deep-space exploration missions may be prepositioned ahead of astronaut arrival and will be exposed to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar radiation in deep space at higher levels and different spectrums than th…
View article: Decreased Vascular Patterning in the Retinas of Astronaut Crew Members as New Measure of Ocular Damage in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome
Decreased Vascular Patterning in the Retinas of Astronaut Crew Members as New Measure of Ocular Damage in Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome Open
Together with VESGEN, the Subclinical Vascular Pathology Index may represent a new, useful SANS biomarker for advancing the understanding of SANS etiology and developing successful countermeasures for long duration space exploration in mic…
View article: Changes in performance and bio-mathematical model performance predictions during 45 days of sleep restriction in a simulated space mission
Changes in performance and bio-mathematical model performance predictions during 45 days of sleep restriction in a simulated space mission Open
View article: Unchanged cerebrovascular CO<sub>2</sub> reactivity and hypercapnic ventilatory response during strict head‐down tilt bed rest in a mild hypercapnic environment
Unchanged cerebrovascular CO<sub>2</sub> reactivity and hypercapnic ventilatory response during strict head‐down tilt bed rest in a mild hypercapnic environment Open
Key points Carbon dioxide levels are mildly elevated on the International Space Station and it is unknown whether this chronic exposure causes physiological changes to astronauts. We combined ∼4 mmHg ambient with the strict head‐down tilt …
View article: Optic Disc Edema and Choroidal Engorgement in Astronauts During Spaceflight and Individuals Exposed to Bed Rest
Optic Disc Edema and Choroidal Engorgement in Astronauts During Spaceflight and Individuals Exposed to Bed Rest Open
These findings suggest that strict head-down tilt bed rest produces a different magnitude of edema than occurs after a similar duration of spaceflight, and no change in choroid thickness. It is possible that a mild, long-term elevation in …
View article: Association of Genetics and B Vitamin Status With the Magnitude of Optic Disc Edema During 30-Day Strict Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest
Association of Genetics and B Vitamin Status With the Magnitude of Optic Disc Edema During 30-Day Strict Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest Open
The magnitude of optic disc edema in individuals experiencing HDTBR and exposed to a chronic headward fluid shift in a mild hypercapnic environment was higher in participants with more MTRR 66 G and SHMT1 1420C alleles, even when this find…
View article: Optic disc edema and retinal thickness changes in healthy subjects exposed to bedrest differ from astronauts during spaceflight
Optic disc edema and retinal thickness changes in healthy subjects exposed to bedrest differ from astronauts during spaceflight Open